<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1405-3322</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Bol. Soc. Geol. Mex]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1405-3322</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sociedad Geológica Mexicana A.C.]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1405-33222019000200543</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18268/bsgm2019v71n2a18</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[The mine tailings as construction material in the viceregal period: case study in Guanajuato City, Mexico]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Los jales mineros como material de construcción en el Virreinato: Caso de estudio de la ciudad de Guanajuato, México]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Puy-Alquiza]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[María Jesús]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Miranda-Avilés]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Raúl]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moncada]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Cristina Daniela]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Li]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Yanmei]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Loza-Aguirre]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Isidro]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ordaz Zubia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Velia Yolanda]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zanor]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gabriela Ana]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Salazar-Hernández]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[María Del Carmen]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Guanajuato Departamento de Minas, Metalurgia y Geología División de Ingenierías]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ Guanajuato]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Guanajuato Departamento de Arquitectura División de Arquitectura, Arte y Diseño]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ Guanajuato]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Guanajuato  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Irapuato Guanajuato]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Politécnico Nacional Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Ingeniería ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Silao de la Victoria Guanajuato]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>71</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<fpage>543</fpage>
<lpage>564</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1405-33222019000200543&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1405-33222019000200543&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1405-33222019000200543&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract The colonization of Guanajuato and its environs began in the decade of 1540-1550, when some Spaniards entered the territory of Guanajuato for the purpose of the distribution of ranches, in search of valuable minerals, and to evangelize. In the following years, the silver-gold deposits were discovered. From the earliest records, it can be deduced that the mineral deposits were discovered in about 1552, and more intensely in the year 1557. Mining production generated large amounts of mine tailings. The first mining haciendas were established along the Guanajuato River, promoting the human settlements and development of the city of Guanajuato. The haciendas in Guanajuato were a very well-developed economic system. As they grew up, they became federal states, which were self-sufficient with their main objective to benefit from the ore obtained from the mines. The design and architectural style of these haciendas were determined by their activity, so, the material they used for their construction was adobes composed of mud and mine tailings, taken from the surroundings of the Guanajuato River. In this work, we study the physical, mechanical and chemical properties of six samples of adobe bricks, collected from several buildings of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries in Guanajuato city (Mining Hacienda San Juan Nepomuceno, Mining Hacienda San Jeronimo, Mining Hacienda Duran, Mining Hacienda San Clemente, Mining Hacienda Purisima and Mining Hacienda Rayas) in Mexico. The adobe specimens were investigated by the techniques of Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry, X-Ray Diffraction and Scanning Electron Microscopy, in order to know their chemical and mineralogical composition; likewise, some analyzes were performed to determine their mechanical properties (simple compressive strength), physical properties (granulometry, real density, total porosity and moisture content), and biological properties (organic material content). These studies aim to establish a basis of knowledge, essential for the safety assessment of adobe constructions, and to contribute to the conservation of the adobe architecture. The analytical results support that the six adobe samples exhibited different behavior, depending on the property tested. Adobe samples have a higher percentage of fines (70%). According to the Unified Soil Classification System, the adobes studied correspond to silt of low compressibility. Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry analysis showed that adobe bricks share the same chemical composition, varying the concentration of heavy metals (Cu, Be, Zn, Sn, Pb, Ni, Co, V, Sb, Hg and Cr). The Cu, Zn, Pb and Sn presented in the adobes indicate that they were the product of a metallurgical process. The presence of Hg indicates that the method of benefit was by amalgamation used in the sixteenth, seventeenth and eighteenth centuries in the New Spain to obtain silver. With respect to the results obtained in X-Ray Diffraction, we confirmed the presence of 17 major minerals: Quartz, Orthoclase, Calcite, Faujasite Na and K, Erionite-K, Gismondine, Illite, Schuetteite, Sphalerite, Zinkenite, Sanidine, Sidorenkite, Zircon, Sepiolite, Brushite, Fizelyte and Gypsum; most of them are the product of the process of benefit of the mineral by the method of amalgamation.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen La colonización de la cañada de Guanajuato y sus alrededores inició en la década de 1540-1550, cuando algunos españoles entraron al territorio guanajuatense con motivo de la repartición de estancias ganaderas, en busca de minerales valiosos y a evangelizar. En los siguientes años se descubrieron los yacimientos de plata-oro. De los primeros registros se deduce que los yacimientos mineros se descubrieron hacia 1552, y de una manera más intensa en el año 1557. La producción minera generó grandes cantidades de jales mineros. Las primeras haciendas mineras se establecieron a lo largo del río Guanajuato, las cuales dieron origen a la ciudad de Guanajuato. Las haciendas de Guanajuato eran un sistema económico muy bien desarrollado. A medida que crecieron, se convirtieron en estados federales que eran autosuficientes, y su principal objetivo era beneficiar el mineral obtenido de las minas. El diseño y el estilo arquitectónico de estas haciendas fueron determinados por su actividad, por lo que el material que utilizaron para su construcción fueron adobes creados por barro y jales de minas, extraídos de los alrededores del río Guanajuato. En este trabajo se estudian las propiedades físicas, mecánicas y químicas de seis muestras de adobes recolectados en varios edificios de los siglos XVII y XVIII en la ciudad de Guanajuato (Hacienda Minera San Juan Nepomuceno, Hacienda Minera San Jerónimo, Hacienda Minera Duran, Hacienda Minera San Clemente, Hacienda Minera Purísima y Hacienda Minera Rayas) en México. Los especímenes de adobe fueron investigados mediante técnicas de Espectrometría de Masas de Plasma Acoplado Inductivamente, Difracción de Rayos X y Microscopía Electrónica de Barrido, para conocer la composición química y mineralógica. Se determinaron propiedades mecánicas (resistencia a la compresión simple), propiedades físicas (granulometría, densidad real, porosidad total y contenido de humedad), y las propiedades biológicas (contenido de materia orgánica). Estos estudios pretenden establecer una base de conocimiento para la evaluación de la seguridad de las construcciones de adobe, y contribuir a la conservación de la arquitectura del adobe. Los resultados obtenidos indican que las seis muestras de adobe mostraron un comportamiento diferente. Las muestras de adobe tienen un mayor porcentaje de limos (70%). De acuerdo con el Sistema Unificado de Clasificación de Suelos, los adobes estudiados corresponden a limos de baja compresibilidad. El análisis realizado con la Espectrometría de Masas de Plasma Acoplado Inductivamente muestra que los adobes comparten la misma composición mineralógica, variando la concentración de metales pesados (Cu, Be, Zn, Sn, Pb, Ni, Co, V, Sb, Hg y Cr). El Cu, Zn, Pb y Sn presentes en los adobes indican que fueron el producto de un proceso metalúrgico. La presencia de Hg indica que el método de beneficio fue la amalgamación utilizada en los siglos XVI, XVII y XVIII en la Nueva España para obtener plata. Con respecto a los resultados obtenidos en Difracción de Rayos X, se muestra la presencia de 17 minerales principales: Cuarzo, Ortoclasa, Calcita, Faujasita Na y K, Erionita-K, Gismondina, Illite, Schuetteite, Esfalerita, Zinkenita, Sanidina, Sidorenkita, Zircon, Sepiolite, Brushite, Fizelyte y Gypsum; la mayoría de ellos son producto del proceso de beneficio del mineral por el método de amalgamación]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[mine tailings]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[mining hacienda]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[viceregal period]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Guanajuato city]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[X-Ray Diffraction]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[jales]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[haciendas de beneficio]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[periodo virreinal]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[ciudad de Guanajuato]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Espectrometría de Masas de Plasma Acoplado Inductivamente]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Difracción de Rayos X]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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