<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1405-3322</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Bol. Soc. Geol. Mex]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1405-3322</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sociedad Geológica Mexicana A.C.]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1405-33222019000100002</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18268/bsgm2019v71n1a1</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Soil porosity changes in orchards with subsurface irrigation: quantification and interpretation]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Cambios de porosidad en suelos de huertas de árboles frutales con irrigación subsuperficial: cuantificación e interpretación]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Poch]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Rosa M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pascual]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Miquel]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Villar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Josep M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rufat]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Josep]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universitat de Lleida Departament de Medi Ambient i Ciències del Sòl ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Spain</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universitat de Lleida Departament d&#8217;Hortofruticultura ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Spain</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries Programa d&#8217;Ús Eficient de l&#8217;Aigua ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Spain</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>71</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>10</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1405-33222019000100002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1405-33222019000100002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1405-33222019000100002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract In order to assess the irrigation efficiency under water-limiting conditions, four different treatments of subsurface irrigation of peach trees in a semi-arid Mediterranean climate near Lleida (NE Iberian Peninsula) were tested. The treatments included pressurized air injection, deficit irrigation, full irrigation (as control) and an addition of rice husk around the pipe to improve porosity. Because the latter treatment improved physical conditions and resulted in better tree growth, a micromorphological study was conducted in order to understand the reason for this behaviour. The experiment was carried out in a commercial peach orchard (Prunus persica L.). The soil was a Xeric Torriorthent (Soil Survey Staff, 1999), with a loam texture, affected by salinity and with low organic matter content. One undisturbed block (30 cm each side) was taken from each treatment, and two vertical thin sections, 5 × 13 cm, including the subsurface pipe, were made. A fluorescent dye was added to the polyester resin to obtain UV light images of the porosity. The pore parameters and the pore size distribution were obtained for each treatment. Strong changes in the pore types of the four treatments are evident in the thin sections. Full and deficit irrigation treatments are characterised by a weakly developed subangular blocky structure, with a vesicular intra-aggregate structure. Deficit irrigation with air injection produced, in its upper part, a structure similar to the full and deficit irrigation treatments. In the surroundings and below the pipe, where the effect of pressurized air was higher, the soil structure is apedal, with vesicles (bubbles), 200-500 µm in size. Porosity of the soil modified with rice husk is greater than that of the other three treatments: the 15-30 µm porosity fraction is double, and the larger fractions three times that of the other treatments. It contains many oval excrements of mites (probably Oribatidae), 50-100 µm in size, associated with moderately decomposed rice husk tissues. We conclude that the modifications around the irrigation pipes that promoted faunal activity are very effective in conveying water to the soil in comparison to that of pressurized air, which only increases vesicular (non connected) porosity.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen Para evaluar la eficiencia de riego en condiciones de limitación de agua, se ensayaron cuatro tratamientos diferentes de riego subsuperficial en melocotoneros (Prunus persica L.) en un clima mediterráneo semiárido cerca de Lleida (NE Península Ibérica). Los tratamientos consistieron en inyección de aire presurizado, irrigación deficitaria, irrigación completa (control) y una adición de cascarilla de arroz alrededor de la tubería para mejorar la porosidad. Debido a que el último tratamiento mejoró las condiciones físicas y mejoró el crecimiento de los árboles, se realizó un estudio micromorfológico para comprender este comportamiento. El suelo fue un Xeric Torriorthent (Soil Survey Staff, 1999), con textura franca, afectado por salinidad y con un bajo contenido de materia orgánica. Se tomó un bloque no perturbado (30 cm de lado) de cada tratamiento, y se hicieron dos secciones delgadas verticales, 5x13 cm, incluyendo el tubo subterráneo. Se añadió un colorante fluorescente a la resina de poliéster para obtener imágenes UV de la porosidad. Se caracterizó la porosidad y se obtuvo la distribución del tamaño de poro para cada tratamiento. Los tipos de poros de los cuatro tratamientos mostraron diferencias evidentes en las secciones delgadas. Los tratamientos de riego completos y con déficit se caracterizan por una estructura de bloques subangulares poco desarrollada y una estructura intraagregados vesicular. El riego deficitario con inyección de aire produce, en su parte superior, una estructura similar a las de riego completo y con déficit. En el entorno y por debajo de la tubería, donde el efecto del aire presurizado fue mayor, la estructura es apedial, con vesículas (burbujas), de 200-500 &#956;m de tamaño. La porosidad del suelo con cascarilla de arroz es el doble que los otros tres tratamientos. La fracción de 15-30&#956;m se duplica, mientras que las fracciones mayores triplican las del resto de los tratamientos. Contiene muchos excrementos ovales de ácaros (probablemente Oribatidae), de 50-100&#956;m de tamaño, asociados a tejidos de cascarilla de arroz medianamente descompuestos. Podemos concluir que las enmiendas alrededor de las tuberías de riego que promueven la actividad faunística son muy efectivas para transportar agua al suelo, opuesto al aire presurizado que sólo aumenta la porosidad vesicular (no conectada).]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[faunal activity]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[subsurface irrigation]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[micromorphology]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[pore size analyses]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[organic amendments]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Ebro Valley]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[actividad de la fauna]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[riego subsuperficial]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[micromorfología]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[análisis de tamaño de poro]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[enmiendas orgánicas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Valle del Ebro]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Benyarku]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stoops]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Guidelines for preparation of rock and soil thin sections and polished sections]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>33</volume>
<page-range>84</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Lleida, Spain ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Departament de Medi Ambient i Cie&#768;ncies del So&#768;l, Universitat de Lleida, Quaderns DMACS]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Diana]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Beni]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Marconi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Organic and mineral fertilization: effects on physical characteristics and boron dynamic in an agricultural soil]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>39</volume>
<numero>9-10</numero>
<issue>9-10</issue>
<page-range>1332-51</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ducarme]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[X.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[André]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wauthy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lebrun]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Are there real endogeic species in temperate forest mites?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Pedobiologia]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>48</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>139-47</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jorrín]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[González-Fernández]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Plant-conservative agriculture of acid and degraded Raña-grassland enhances diversity of the common soil mites (Oribatida)]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>14</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kumar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Effects of irrigation and straw mulch on water use and tuber yield of potato in eastern India]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Agricultural Water Management]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>94</volume>
<numero>1-3</numero>
<issue>1-3</issue>
<page-range>109-16</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kumar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Malik]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dahiya]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I.S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Influence of different organic wastes upon water retention, transmission and contact characteristics of a sandy soil]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Australian Journal of Soil Research]]></source>
<year>1985</year>
<volume>23</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>131-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lordán]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pascual]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fonseca]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Villar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rufat]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Use of rice husk to enhance peach tree performance in soils with limiting physical properties]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Soil and Tillage Research]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>129</volume>
<page-range>19-22</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mubarak]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ragab]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O.E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ali]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hamed]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Short-term studies on use of organic amendments for amelioration of a sandy soil]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[African Journal of Agricultural Research]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>4</volume>
<numero>7</numero>
<issue>7</issue>
<page-range>621-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Noti]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.I.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[André]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ducarme]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[X.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lebrun]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Diversity of soil oribatid mites (Acari: Oribatida) from High Katanga (Democratic Republic of Congo): a multiscale and multifactor approach]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Biodiversity and Conservation]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>12</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>767-85</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nwite]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mbah]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Okonkwo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.I.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Me]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Analysis of the physical conditions of a contaminated typic haplustult amended with organic wastes]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International Research Journal of Agricultural Science and Soil Science]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>1</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>58-63</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rasband]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W.S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[ImageJ 1997-2012]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Bethesda, U.S.A. ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[U.S. National Institutes of Health]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Soil Survey Staff</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Soil Taxonomy, a Basic System of Soil Classification for Making and Interpreting Soil Surveys]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<volume>436</volume>
<page-range>869</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Washington, D.C., U.S.A. ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, Agriculture Handbook]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stoops]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Guidelines for analysis and description of soil and regolith thin sections]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<page-range>184</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Madison, U.S.A. ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Soil Science Society of America]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vogel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[QuantIm4 C/C++ Library for scientific image processing. Version 4.01&#946;20.10.2008]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<page-range>49</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Helmhotz, Germany ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[UFZ - Helmholtz Center for Environmental Research]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zaiets]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Poch]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Micromorphology of organic matter and humus in Mediterranean mountain soils]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Geoderma]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>272</volume>
<page-range>83-92</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zaiets]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Poch]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Use of micromorphology for humus characterization and classification in some mediterranean calcareous soils]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Applied Soil Ecology]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>123</volume>
<page-range>672-81</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
