<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1405-3322</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Bol. Soc. Geol. Mex]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1405-3322</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sociedad Geológica Mexicana A.C.]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1405-33222006000200237</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18268/bsgm2006v58n2a6</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Mecanismos de fracturamiento de depósitos arcillosos en zonas urbanas. Caso de deformación diferencial en Chalco, Estado de México]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Fracturation mechanisms of clay deposits in urban areas. The case of differential deformation in Chalco, State of México]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carreón-Freyre]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Dora C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hidalgo-Moreno]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Claudia M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hernández-Marín]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Martín]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Centro de Geociencias ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Juriquilla Querétaro]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Colegio de Posgraduados  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Texcoco ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Virginia Tech Dept. of Geological Sciences ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>USA</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>58</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<fpage>237</fpage>
<lpage>250</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1405-33222006000200237&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1405-33222006000200237&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1405-33222006000200237&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen El fracturamiento de los depósitos arcillosos que rellenan las cuencas lacustres sobre las que se han desarrollado zonas urbanas se ha convertido en un problema que afecta a varias ciudades del centro de México. Los estudios realizados revelan la coexistencia de varios factores que determinan las características de diversos tipos de fracturamiento a diferentes escalas. Como factores principales, en este trabajo se analiza: la variación en la compresibilidad de los sedimentos que ocasiona deformaciones diferenciales y la extracción del agua subterránea que subyace a las secuencias lacustres y provoca la disminución de la presión de poro. La compresibilidad depende de la consolidación, que en mecánica de suelos se refiere a la expulsión de agua intersticial, y tiene como consecuencia la disminución de volumen y la subsidencia del terreno. Aún cuando la mayor reducción volumétrica se da en el sentido vertical, la consolidación de los materiales limo-arcillosos genera esfuerzos de tensión tanto verticales como horizontales. Considerando este fenómeno como determinante para la generación de fracturas, se llevó a cabo un análisis de las condiciones de deformación de una secuencia limo- arcillosa integrando sus características estratigráficas y mecánicas. Se hace particular énfasis en la heterogeneidad mineralógica del material arcilloso para mostrar que ésta se puede traducir en variaciones de compresibilidad y generar fracturamiento por deformación diferencial. Como caso de estudio se presenta un análisis de propiedades geológicas y mecánicas de la secuencia lacustre de Chalco, para relacionar las diferencias de compresibilidad de los materiales con sus condiciones de formación. La historia paleoambiental de- termina el grado y tipo de cristalización de las diferentes fases minerales arcillosas, la granulometría y su historia de cargas litostáticas. En este trabajo se demuestra que el fracturamiento en depósitos fluvio-lacustres no es un fenómeno aleatorio, sino que depende de las propiedades geológicas de los materiales. Consideramos que el análisis de los parámetros que determinan la generación de fracturas debe llevar a la evaluación precisa de su propagación y del peligro que implica para la infraestructura urbana.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract Fracturing of clayey lacustrine deposits below urban areas has become a major problem in several cities of central Mexico. The available data reveals the coexistence of several factors determining fracturing at different scales. As main factors we analyze in this study: the variation in compressibility of sediments causing differential deformation and withdrawal of groundwater causing a drop in pore pressure. Compressibility depends on consolidation, a term that in soil mechanics refers to the expulsion of interstitial water, and provokes volume decrease and land subsidence. Although major volume decrease occurs in the vertical scale, consolidation of silty clayey materials generates also horizontal tensile stresses. Considering that this factor can be determining to the generation of fractures, in this study we analyzed the deformational conditions of a silty clayey sequence integrating their stratigraphy and mechanical characteristics. A particular emphasis is made in the mineralogical heterogeneity of the clay fraction that can be related to compressibility variation and generate fracturing by differential deformation. As a study case we analyze the mechanical and geological properties of the Chalco lacustrine sequence in order to relate these properties with the differences in compressibility of materials. The paleoenvironmental history determines the type and degree of crystallization of different clay minerals, grain size, and history of lithostatic loads. Thus, the fracturing in fluvial lacustrine deposits is not a random phenomenon but is highly dependent of the geological properties of materials. We consider that the analysis of the parameters determining the generation of fracturing should permit a more precise evaluation of their propagation and of the implied danger to urban infrastructure.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Compresibilidad]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Deformación]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Depósitos lacustres]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Arcillas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Fracturamiento]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Compressibility]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Deformation]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Lacustrine deposits]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Clays]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Fracturing]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<source><![CDATA[ASTM D4318-95a, 98. Standard test method for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, and Plasticity Index of soils]]></source>
<year></year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[American Society for Testing and Materials]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<source><![CDATA[ASTM D2435-96, 1998. Standard test method for one-dimensional consolidation properties of soils]]></source>
<year></year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[American Society for Testing and Materials]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alberro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hernández]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Génesis de las grietas de tensión en el Valle de México]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[El subsuelo de la cuenca del Valle de México y su relación con la ingeniería de cimentaciones a cinco años del sismo]]></source>
<year>1990</year>
<page-range>95-106</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Sociedad Mexicana de Mecánica de Suelos]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Álvarez-Manilla Aceves.]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Modelo del mecanismo de agrietamiento en el Valle y zona metropolitana de Querétaro]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Auvinet]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arias]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Propagación de grietas]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Agrietamiento de Suelos]]></source>
<year>1991</year>
<page-range>21-31</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Sociedad Mexicana de Mecánica de Suelos]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Caballero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ortega-Guerrero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Lake levels about 40,000 years ago at Lake Chalco, near Mexico City]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Quaternary Research]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<volume>50</volume>
<page-range>69-79</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carreón-Freyre]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Importancia de la caracterización de arcillas en laboratorio para la adecuada evaluación de sus propiedades mecánicas]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bucio]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Cristalografía]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<page-range>273-82</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Fundamentos Técnicas y Aplicaciones, Sociedad Mexicana de Cristalografia. A. C.]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carreón-Freyre]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cerca]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Delineating the near-surface geometry of the fracture system affecting the valley of Queretaro, Mexico]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>4</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>49-55</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Near Surface Geophysics, EAGE (European Assoc. of Geoscientists and Engineers)]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="confpro">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carreón-Freyre]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gama-Castro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Palacios-Mayorga]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Garnica-Anguas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Propiedades y clasificación de los suelos residuales de México]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<conf-name><![CDATA[ XIXReunión Nacional de Mecánica de Suelos]]></conf-name>
<conf-loc> </conf-loc>
<page-range>75-80</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="confpro">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carreón-Freyre.]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cerca Martínez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hernández Marín]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Propagation of fracturing related to land subsidence in the Valley of Queretaro, Mexico]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>I</volume>
<conf-name><![CDATA[ 7International Symposium on Land Subsidence SISOLS 2005]]></conf-name>
<conf-loc>Shanghai, P.R. China </conf-loc>
<page-range>155-64</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carreón-Freyre.]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cerca]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Luna-González]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gámez-González]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Influencia de la estratigrafía y estructura geológica en el flujo de agua subterránea del Valle de Querétaro]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>22</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>1-18</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carreón-Freyre.]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cerca]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hernández-Marín]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Correlation of near-surface stratigraphy and physical properties of clayey sediments from Chalco Basin, Mexico, using Ground Penetrating Radar]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Applied Geophysics]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>53</volume>
<page-range>121-36</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carrillo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Influence of artesial wells in the sinking of Mexico City]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Volumen Nabor Carrillo &#8220;El hundimiento de la Ciudad de México y el Proyecto Texcoco&#8221;]]></source>
<year>1947</year>
<page-range>7-14</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Comisión Impulsora y Coordinadora de la Investigación Científica]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[De Pablo Galán]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[De Pablo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chávez Garcia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Diagenesis and shear rheology of a Recent-Pleistocene volcanogenic sequence, Mexican Basin. Implication ti swelling and stability]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<volume>18</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>175-85</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Díaz-Rodríguez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Santamarina]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Mexico City soil behavior at different strains: Observations and physical interpretation]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J. of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<volume>127</volume>
<numero>9</numero>
<issue>9</issue>
<page-range>783-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Díaz-Rodríguez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lozano-Santacruz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dávila-Alcocer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V.M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vallejo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Girón]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Physical, chemical, and mineralogical properties of México City sediments: a geotechnical perspectiva]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Can. Geotech.J.]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<volume>35</volume>
<page-range>600-10</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ellstein]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Teoría sobre el mecanismo de falla. El subsuelo y la ingeniería de cimentaciones en el área urbana del valle de México]]></source>
<year>1978</year>
<page-range>177-81</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[SMMS]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Figueroa Vega]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Mecanismos de producción de grietas inducidos por la explotación del agua subterránea]]></source>
<year>1989</year>
<page-range>371-8</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Academia Mexicana de Ingeniería]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gama Castro]]></surname>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carreón Freyre]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[.D.C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Palacios]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Solleiro Rebolledo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[.E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Guía para la Identificación de Suelos Residuales. Aplicación a la Construcción de Vías Terrestres]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto Mexicano del Transporte]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gutiérrez Castorena]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. del C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stoops]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ortiz Solorio]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[López Avila]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G. L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Amorphous silica materials in soils and sediments of the Ex-Lago de Texcoco, México: An explanation for its subsidence]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Catena]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>60</volume>
<page-range>205-26</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="confpro">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hernández Marín]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carreón-Freyre.]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Análisis de variación de la presión de poro durante pruebas de consolidación incrementales en suelos vulcano lacustres]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<conf-name><![CDATA[ XXIReunión Nacional de Mecánica de Suelos]]></conf-name>
<conf-loc> </conf-loc>
<page-range>3-12</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hillier]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Erosion, sedimentation and sedimentary origin of clays]]></source>
<year></year>
<page-range>162-214</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hiriart]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Marsal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cruickshank]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Key]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Contribución de la comisión Federal de Electricidad a la solución del problema de abastecimiento de agua a la Ciudad de México]]></source>
<year>1952</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Comisión Federal de Electricidad]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Holzer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T. L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Davis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. N.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Earth fissures associated with watertable declines (abs.)]]></source>
<year>1976</year>
<page-range>923-4</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Holzer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T. L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Ground failure induced by ground-water withdrawal from unconsolidated sediment]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Reviews in Engineering Geology]]></source>
<year>1984</year>
<volume>VI</volume>
<page-range>67-105</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Geological Society of America]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Juárez Badillo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Mecanismos de grietas de tensión en el Valle de México]]></source>
<year>1962</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[UNAM]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Juárez Badillo.]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Figueroa Vega]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Stresses and displacements in an aquifer due to seepage forces (one dimensional case)]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Hydrology]]></source>
<year>1984</year>
<volume>73</volume>
<page-range>259-88</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Juárez Badillo.]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Grietas por fuerzas de filtración]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Agrietamiento de Suelos]]></source>
<year>1991</year>
<page-range>39-42</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Sociedad Mexicana de Mecánica de Suelos]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="confpro">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Juárez Luna]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rangel Nuñez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ayala Milán]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Romo Organista]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Modelado del fracturamiento en las arcillas del Valle de México]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<conf-name><![CDATA[ XXIReunión Nacional de Mecánica de Suelos]]></conf-name>
<conf-loc> </conf-loc>
<page-range>183-92</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kreitler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. W.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Fault control of subsidence, Houston, Texas]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Ground Water]]></source>
<year>1977</year>
<volume>15</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>203-14</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kreitler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ch. W.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Faulting and land subsidence from groundwater and hydrocarbon production, Houston-Galveston, Texas]]></source>
<year>1976</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[U.S.A. ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Larson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. K.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Potential for subsidence fissuring in the Phoenix Arizona USA area]]></source>
<year>1984</year>
<numero>151</numero>
<issue>151</issue>
<page-range>291-9</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Venice, Italy ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lozano-García]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ortega-Guerrero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Caballero-Miranda]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Urrutia-Fucugauchi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Late Pleistocene and Holocene paleoenvironments of Chalco Lake, Central Mexico]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Quaternary Research]]></source>
<year>1993</year>
<volume>40</volume>
<page-range>332-42</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lugo Hubp]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pérez Vega]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rojas Salas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Formación de grietas en la margen del antiguo lago al oriente de la cuenca de México]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Geofísica Internacional]]></source>
<year>1991</year>
<volume>30</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>87-95</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Marsal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mazari]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[El subsuelo de la Ciudad de México]]></source>
<year>1959</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto de Ingeniería. U.N.A.M]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mazari]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alberro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Hundimiento de la Ciudad de México]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kumate]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mazari]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Problemas de la Cuenca de México]]></source>
<year>1990</year>
<page-range>83-114</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[El Colegio Nacional]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mazari-Hiriart]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hernández-Eugenio]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rojo-Callejas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lozano- Santacruz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Vertical variability of PCE sorption in the lacustrine clays of Mexico City]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Environmental Geology]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<volume>39</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>595-602</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mesri]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rokhse]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bonor]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B. F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Compositive and compressibility of typical samples of Mexico City]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Geotechnique]]></source>
<year>1976</year>
<volume>25</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>527-54</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mooser]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Historia geológica de la Cuenca de México]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Memorias de las Obras del Sistema de Drenaje Profundo del Distrito Federal]]></source>
<year>1975</year>
<page-range>7-38</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[DDF]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ohtsubo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Takayama]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Egashira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Relationships of consistency limits and activity to some physical and chemical properties of Ariake marine Clays]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Soils and foundations]]></source>
<year>1983</year>
<volume>23</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>38-46</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B41">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Orozco]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Figueroa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V., G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Descripción cronológica del desarrollo de los conocimientos sobre el agrietamiento de terrenos. Agrietamiento de suelos]]></source>
<year>1991</year>
<page-range>1-12</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Soc. Mex. Mec. de Suelos]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B42">
<nlm-citation citation-type="confpro">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Peralta y Fabi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Sobre el origen de algunas propiedades mecánicas de la formación arcillosa superior del Valle de México]]></source>
<year>1989</year>
<conf-name><![CDATA[ Simposio sobre Tópicos Geológicos de la Cuenca del Valle de México]]></conf-name>
<conf-loc> </conf-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B43">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Poland]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Guidebook to studies of land subsidence due to groundwater withdrawal]]></source>
<year>1984</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[UNESCO]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B44">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Righi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Meunier]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Origin of Clays by rock weathering and soil formation]]></source>
<year></year>
<page-range>43-157</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B45">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rojas González]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arzate Flores]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arroyo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A method to predict the group fissuring and faulting caused by regional groundwater decline]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Engineering Geology]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<volume>65</volume>
<page-range>245-60</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B46">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Saarenketo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Electrical properties of water in clay and silty soils]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J. of Applied Geophysics]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<volume>40</volume>
<page-range>73-88</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B47">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sandoval]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bartlett]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Land subsidence and earth fissuring on the central Arizona Project]]></source>
<year>1991</year>
<numero>200</numero>
<issue>200</issue>
<page-range>249-60</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Houston, Texas ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[IAHS]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B48">
<nlm-citation citation-type="confpro">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schumann]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Poland]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Land Subsidence, Earth Fissures and Groundwater withdrawal in South-Central Arizona, U.S.A.]]></source>
<year>1969</year>
<conf-name><![CDATA[ First Symposium IASH-UNESCO]]></conf-name>
<conf-loc>Tokio </conf-loc>
<page-range>295-302</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B49">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Trejo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Baini]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M., A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Agrietamiento de suelos en la zona de Querétaro]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Agrietamiento de Suelos]]></source>
<year>1991</year>
<page-range>67-74</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[SMMS]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B50">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Trujillo Candelaria]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Fallamiento de terrenos en Celaya, Gto. Academia Mexicana de Ingenieria]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Alternativas Tecnológicas]]></source>
<year>1989</year>
<volume>29</volume>
<page-range>367-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B51">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tuckwell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G. W.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lonergan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jolly]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The control of stress history and flaw distribution on the evolution of polygonal fracture networks]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J. of Structural geology]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>25</volume>
<page-range>1241-50</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B52">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Velde]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Origin and Mineralogy of Clays. Clays and the environment]]></source>
<year>1995</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Springer-Verlag]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B53">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Velde]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Composition and mineralogy of Clay Minerals]]></source>
<year></year>
<page-range>8-41</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B54">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wada]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Minerals formed and mineral formation from volcanic ash by weathering]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Chemical Geology]]></source>
<year>1987</year>
<volume>60</volume>
<page-range>17.28</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B55">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Warren]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rudolph]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Clay minerals in basin of Mexico lacustrine sediments and their influence on ion mobility in groundwater]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Contaminant Hydrology]]></source>
<year>1997</year>
<volume>27</volume>
<page-range>177-98</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B56">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wesley]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Consolidation behaviour of allophane clays]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Géotechnique]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<volume>51</volume>
<numero>10</numero>
<issue>10</issue>
<page-range>901.904</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B57">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zeevaert]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Estratigrafía y problemas de ingeniería en los depósitos de arcilla lacustre de la Ciudad de México]]></source>
<year>1953</year>
<page-range>58-70</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
