<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1405-3195</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Agrociencia]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Agrociencia]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1405-3195</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Colegio de Postgraduados]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1405-31952018000400497</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Chitosan derivatives induce local and distal expression of defence-related genes in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Los derivados de quitosano inducen la expresión local y a distancia de genes de protección en plántulas de trigo (Triticum aestivum L.)]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Díaz-Martínez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Juan M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aispuro-Hernández]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Emmanuel]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vargas-Arispuro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Irasema]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Falcón-Rodríguez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alejandro B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martínez-Téllez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Miguel Á.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. Coordinación de Tecnología de Alimentos de Origen Vegetal ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Hermosillo Sonora]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af5">
<institution><![CDATA[,CIAD Coordinación de Ciencia de los Alimentos ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af6">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Agrícolas Departamento de Fisiología y Bioquímica Vegetal ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[San José de las Lajas Mayabeque]]></addr-line>
<country>Cuba</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2018</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2018</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>52</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<fpage>497</fpage>
<lpage>509</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1405-31952018000400497&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1405-31952018000400497&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1405-31952018000400497&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract Chitosan and its derivatives are elicitors of defence responses in plants. The physical and chemical characteristics, like the molecular weight and acetylation degree determine the type of effect and specificity. Although chitosan-induced biochemical and enzymatic reactions in wheat (Triticum aestivum) are reported, the transcriptional activation of defensive markers by chitosan derivatives remains unaddressed. The hypothesis of our study was that the different structural features of chitosan derivatives would influence the transcriptional patterns related to protective responses in wheat. The aim of our study was to compare the local and systemic inductive properties of chitosan and chitooligosaccharides (COS) in wheat seedlings through the expression of the defence-related genes chitinase (CHI), &#946;-1-3 glucanase (GLU) and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL). Chitosan and COS solutions were characterized by MALDI-TOF and applied by soil drench or foliar spray to seedlings grown under controlled conditions. Gene expression levels in the leaves of treated plants were analysed by RT-PCR. Different expression patterns were observed according to the gene evaluated and the type of elicitor. COS induced the local and distal expression of CHI and GLU, but decreased PAL; while chitosan increased the distal expression of CHI and GLU and the local and distal expression of PAL. Our results showed the capacity of chitosan and COS to differentially mediate transient transcriptional responses of defensive markers in wheat.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen El quitosano y sus derivados son activadores de respuestas de protección en las plantas. Las características físicas y químicas, como el peso molecular y el grado de acetilación, determinan el efecto y la especificidad. Aunque las reacciones enzimáticas y bioquímicas inducidas por el quitosano en trigo (Triticum aestivum) se conocen, la activación transcripcional de marcadores de protección por derivados del quitosano no se han estudiado. La hipótesis de nuestro estudio fue que las características estructurales de los derivados del quitosano influirían en los patrones transcripcionales de respuesta de protección en trigo. El objetivo fue comparar las propiedades inductivas locales y sistémicas del quitosano y los quitooligosacáridos (COS) en plántulas de trigo mediante la expresión de los genes relacionados con la protección: quitinasa (CHI), &#946;-1-3 glucanasa (GLU) y fenilalanina amonio liasa (PAL). Soluciones de quitosano y COS se caracterizaron por MALDI-TOF y se aplicaron en el sustrato o por aspersión foliar a plantas cultivadas en condiciones controladas. La expresión génica en las hojas de las plantas tratadas se analizó con RT-PCR. Los patrones de expresión se relacionaron con el gen evaluado y el tipo de activador. Los COS indujeron expresión local y distal de CHI y GLU, pero disminuyeron la de PAL. El quitosano incrementó la expresión distal de CHI y GLU, y la expresión local y distal de PAL. Nuestros resultados mostraron que el quitosano y los COS median diferencialmente las respuestas transcripcionales transitorias de marcadores de protección en trigo.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[chitinase]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[chitooligosaccharide]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[glucanase]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[phenylalanine ammonia-lyase]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[systemic resistance]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[quitinasa]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[quitooligosacáridos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[glucanasa]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[fenilalanina amonio liasa]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[resistencia sistémica]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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