<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1405-2768</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Polibotánica]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Polibotánica]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1405-2768</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1405-27682026000100273</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18387/polibotanica.61.16</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Crioconservación de explantes florales encapsulados de cacao (Theobroma cacao l.) mediante deshidratación y vitrificación]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Cryopreservation of encapsulated floral explants of cacao (Theobroma cacao l.) by dehydration and vitrification]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodríguez-Olivera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Eliud]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Iracheta-Donjuan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Leobardo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodríguez de la O]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José Luis]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Avendaño Arrazate]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Carlos Hugo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias Campo Experimental Rosario Izapa ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Tuxtla Chico Chiapas]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias Campo Experimental Rosario Izapa ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ Chiapas]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Autónoma Chapingo Departamento de Fitotecnia ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Texcoco Estado de México]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<numero>61</numero>
<fpage>273</fpage>
<lpage>293</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1405-27682026000100273&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1405-27682026000100273&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1405-27682026000100273&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen La aplicación de la técnica de embriogénesis somática en cacao (Theobroma cacao L.), dependiente de tejidos florales, enfrenta limitaciones debido a la restringida disponibilidad de flores. En este contexto, la crioconservación de tejidos florales se plantea como una alternativa para conservar y mantener disponible el material necesario para la regeneración in vitro, contribuyendo además a la conservación de la diversidad genética de la especie. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la viabilidad de explantes florales sometidos a crioconservación en dos genotipos experimentales de cacao (F9P6 y F19P3), comparando la influencia del tipo de explante y las variantes en las técnicas criogénicas de encapsulación-deshidratación y encapsulación-vitrificación. Se realizaron dos experimentos en los que se evaluaron pétalos, estaminodios y anteras como explantes. En el primer experimento se aplicó la técnica de encapsulación-deshidratación, donde los explantes se precultivaron en medio DKW modificado por un día y se sometieron a dos métodos de deshidratación (flujo laminar y gel de sílice) y dos tiempos de deshidratación (3 y 5 h). En el segundo experimento se utilizó la técnica de encapsulación-vitrificación, en la cual los explantes de ambos genotipos se precultivaron durante cinco días en medio DKW modificado con dos condiciones de sacarosa (sin sacarosa y 0.75 M) y se expusieron a dos soluciones vitrificadoras (PVS2 y PVS4). En ambos experimentos se evaluaron el necrosamiento de tejidos, el incremento de volumen, la formación de callo hasta los 28 días y la viabilidad a los 35 días. Los pétalos presentaron la mayor viabilidad. En encapsulación-deshidratación, los pétalos del genotipo F9P6 mantuvieron el 100% de viabilidad tras 5 h con gel de sílice, mientras que F19P3 lo logró con 5 h en flujo laminar o 3 h con gel de sílice. En encapsulación-vitrificación, los pétalos del genotipo F9P6 conservaron el 100% de viabilidad en medio sin sacarosa con ambos vitrificantes, así como con 0.75 M de sacarosa y PVS4; mientras que F19P3 presentó 100% de viabilidad con PVS4 sin sacarosa. No se observó incremento de volumen ni formación de callo en los explantes crioconservados; sin embargo, la conservación de su viabilidad confirma la factibilidad del uso de explantes florales encapsulados como material base para estrategias de crioconservación.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract The application of the somatic embryogenesis technique in cacao (Theobroma cacao L.), which relies on floral tissues, faces limitations due to the restricted availability of flowers. In this context, the cryopreservation of floral tissues is proposed as an alternative to preserve and maintain the availability of material required for in vitro regeneration, while also contributing to the conservation of the species&#8217; genetic diversity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the viability of floral explants subjected to cryopreservation in two experimental cacao genotypes (F9P6 and F19P3), comparing the influence of explant type and variations in the cryogenic techniques of encapsulation-dehydration and encapsulation-vitrification. Two experiments were carried out using petals, staminodes, and anthers as explants. In the first experiment, the encapsulation-dehydration technique was applied; explants were precultured for one day in modified DKW medium and dehydrated either by laminar airflow or with silica gel for 3 or 5 hours. In the second experiment, the encapsulation-vitrification technique was used; explants from both genotypes were precultured for five days in modified DKW medium under two sucrose conditions (0 and 0.75 M) and exposed to two vitrification solutions (PVS2 and PVS4). In both experiments, tissue necrosis, volume increase, callus formation up to 28 days, and viability at 35 days were evaluated. Petals exhibited the highest viability. In encapsulation-dehydration, petals of genotype F9P6 maintained 100% viability after 5 hours of dehydration with silica gel, whereas F19P3 achieved the same result after 5 hours by laminar airflow or 3 hours with silica gel. In encapsulation-vitrification, petals of F9P6 retained 100% viability in sucrose-free medium with both vitrification solutions, as well as with 0.75 M sucrose and PVS4; F19P3 showed 100% viability with PVS4 in sucrose-free medium. No increase in volume or callus formation was observed in cryopreserved explants; however, the preservation of viability confirms the feasibility of using encapsulated floral explants as base material for cryopreservation strategies.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[in vitro]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[encapsulación-deshidratación]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[encapsulación-vitrificación]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[soluciones PVS]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[in vitro]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[encapsulation-dehydration]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[encapsulation-vitrification]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[PVS solutions]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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