<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1405-2768</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Polibotánica]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Polibotánica]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1405-2768</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1405-27682022000100087</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18387/polibotanica.53.6</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Genetic diversity and genetic structure of Capsicum annuum L., from wild, backyard and cultivated populations in a heterogeneous environment in Oaxaca, Mexico]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Diversidad genética y estructura genética de Capsicum annuum L., de poblaciones silvestres, de huertos familiares y cultivadas en un ambiente heterogéneo en Oaxaca, México]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Toxqui-Tapia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Peñaloza-Ramírez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pacheco-Olvera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Albarran-Lara]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Oyama]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad Morelia ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Morelia ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Autónoma de Campeche Centro de Estudios de Desarrolló Sustentable y Aprovechamiento de la vida Silvestre ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[San Francisco de Campeche ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa Facultad de Agronomía ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<numero>53</numero>
<fpage>87</fpage>
<lpage>103</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1405-27682022000100087&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1405-27682022000100087&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1405-27682022000100087&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen: Las especies domesticadas han sido expuestas a presiones selectivas que regulan la estructura genética y divergencia entre poblaciones. Estimamos la diversidad genética, la estructura, la endogamia, el tamaño efectivo de la población, los cuellos de botella poblacionales y la divergencia del nicho ecológico, de poblaciones silvestres, de huertos familiares y cultivadas de C. annuum. Analizamos, 13 poblaciones en Oaxaca, México y usando siete marcadores de microsatélites nucleares. Las poblaciones de C. annuum, mostraron niveles altos de diversidad genética en poblaciones silvestres, de huertos familiares y cultivadas. Los chiles domesticados, en hábitats agrícolas tradicionales, contienen variedades genéticas únicas y por lo tanto, actúan como reservorios de variación genética y conservan la biodiversidad. Que indica, una fuerte selección, que ocurre en diferentes fenotipos lo que podría generar variedades genéticamente diversos, lo que ha favorecido la adaptación de las poblaciones a su entorno y ambientes. Los valores de la endogamia y el tamaño efectivo de la población son suficientes para permitir el mantenimiento de las poblaciones. Es necesario iniciar programas de selección de variedades de chile, para rescatar algunas características del fruto. La diferenciación genética, es moderada entre poblaciones, encontramos cuatro regiones geográficas que son muy divergentes entre ellas. Sugerimos, que en las poblaciones de chile, una fuerte selección artificial podría generar variedades genéticamente divergentes. Postulamos que la complejidad climática y los gradientes altitudinales en el estado de Oaxaca podrían promover la biodiversidad, la domesticación y la diversificación. Los chiles Oaxaca son un ejemplo de diversificación de las razas, que incluyen chiles como, 'Tusta', 'Tabaquero', 'Solterito', 'Piquín', 'Nanchita', 'Costeño' and 'Chile de Agua'.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract: Domesticated species have been exposed to artificial pressures that regulate the genetic structure and divergence between populations. We estimated the genetic diversity, structure, inbreeding, effective population size, population bottlenecks and the ecological niche divergence, of wild, homegarden and cultivated populations of C. annuum. We analyzed, 13 populations across Oaxaca, Mexico and using seven nuclear microsatellite markers. C. annuum, shown high levels of genetic diversity in wild, homegarden and cultivated populations. Domesticated chiles in traditional agricultural habitats harbor unique gene pools and thus act as genetic variation reservoirs and to preserve its biodiversity. That indicates, a strong selection occurred at different phenotypes, could generating genetically diverse materials that have favored population adaptation to locations and environments. The values of inbreeding and the effective population size were sufficient to allow the maintenance of the populations. It is necessary to initiate programs to select chile varieties, to rescue some traits in the fruit. Genetic differentiation, was moderated among populations, we detected four geographic regions that are highly divergent between them. We suggest that in chile populations, a strong artificial selection could generate genetically divergent materials. We postulate, that climatic complexity and altitudinal gradients in Oaxaca, could promoting biodiversity, domestication and diversification. The Chiles from Oaxaca, are an example to the diversification of landraces that include chiles such as, 'Tusta', 'Tabaquero', 'Solterito', 'Piquín', 'Nanchita', 'Costeño' and 'Chile de Agua'.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[C. annuum]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[proceso de domesticación]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[diversidad genética]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[cuellos de botella poblacionales]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[tamaño efectivo de la población]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[C. annuum]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[domestication process]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[genetic diversity]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[population bottlenecks]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[effective population size]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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