<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1405-2253</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[América Latina en la historia económica]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Am. Lat. Hist. Econ]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1405-2253</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto de Investigaciones Dr. José María Luis Mora]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1405-22532018000300223</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18232/alhe.879</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Patentes y desenvolvimiento tecnológico en México: un estudio comparativo entre la época de industrialización proteccionista y el régimen de apertura]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Patents and Technological Development in Mexico: A comparative study between the Era of Protectionist Industrialization and the Regime of Openness]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Campa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Juan I.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Barcelona ]]></addr-line>
<country>Spain</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2018</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2018</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>25</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<fpage>223</fpage>
<lpage>257</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1405-22532018000300223&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1405-22532018000300223&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1405-22532018000300223&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen El presente trabajo caracteriza y evalúa el comportamiento de la actividad de patentamiento en México durante el régimen de proteccionismo industrial de 1940 a 1970 y el régimen de liberalización económica entre 1995 y 2015. Para llevar a cabo el contraste entre etapas los datos de patentes se agrupan por sectores tecnológicos siguiendo la Clasificación Internacional de Patentes (CIP), lo que permite realizar análisis consistentes de manera temporal o espacial. La comparación de la evolución y estructuras del patentamiento entre periodos sugiere, en el ámbito de agregación expuesto, una continuidad en la dirección de la propensión a patentar por parte tanto de los titulares residentes como de los no residentes en los campos tecnológicos determinados. Esto muestra que el desarrollo tecnológico del país ha mantenido un mismo patrón durante ambos regímenes económicos.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract Abstract. The present work characterizes and evaluates the behavior of patenting activity in Mexico during the industrial protectionist regime of 1940 to 1970 and the economic liberalization regime between 1995 and 2015. In order to carry out a contrasting analysis between periods patent data are grouped by technological sectors according to the International Patent Classification (IPC), which allows for consistent analyzes in a temporal or spatial manner. The comparison of the evolution and structures of patenting between periods suggests, in the aggregation area exposed, a continuity in the direction of the propensity to patent both resident and non-resident holders in the determined technological fields. This shows that the technological development of the country has maintained the same pattern during both economic regimes.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[innovación]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[desarrollo tecnológico]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[patentes]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[propensión a patentar]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[innovation]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[technological development]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[intellectual property]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[propensity to patent]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[O31]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[O33]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[O34]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[O35]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Abbott]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[On the concept of turning point]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mjøset]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Engelstad]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brochman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ragnvlad]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Methodological issues in comparative social science]]></source>
<year>1997</year>
<volume>16</volume>
<page-range>85-106</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Greenwich ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[JAI Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aboites]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Industrialización y desarrollo agrícola en México]]></source>
<year>1989</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aboites]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Cambio institucional e innovación tecnológica]]></source>
<year>1995</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aboites]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Soria]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Innovación, propiedad intelectual y estrategias tecnológicas: La experiencia de la economía mexicana]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aboites]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Soria]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Economía del conocimiento y propiedad intelectual: Lecciones para la economía mexicana]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Editorial Siglo XXI]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arapostathis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gooday]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Graeme]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Patently contestable: Electrical technologies and inventor identities on trial in Britain]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cambridge ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bazerman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ch.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The languages of Edison&#8217;s light]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cambridge ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Beatty]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Invención e innovación: Ley de patentes y tecnología en el México del siglo XIX]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Historia Mexicana]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<volume>45</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>567-619</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Beatty]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Institutions and investment: The political basis of industrialization in Mexico before 1911]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Stanford ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Stanford University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Beatty]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Patents and technological change in late industrialization: Nineteenth century Mexico in comparative context]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[History of Technology]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<numero>24</numero>
<issue>24</issue>
<page-range>121-50</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Beatty]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Technology and the search for progress in modern Mexico]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[California ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[University of California Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Beatty]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sáiz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Propiedad industrial, patentes e inversión en tecnología en España y México (1820-1914)]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[México y España: ¿Historias económicas paralelas?]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<page-range>425-67</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Fondo de Cultura Económica]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bértola]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ocampo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Desarrollo, vaivenes y desigualdad: Una historia económica de América Latina desde la independencia]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Madrid ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Secretaría General Iberoamericana]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Biagioli]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Patent Republic: Representing Inventions, Constructing Rights and Authors]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Social Research]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>73</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>1129-72</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Boas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Taylor C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Conceptualizing Continuity and Change: The Composite-Standard Model of Path Dependence]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Theoretical Politics]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>19</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>33-54</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bowker]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Science on the run: Information management and industrial geophysics at Schlumberger, 1920-1940]]></source>
<year>1994</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cambridge ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Calderón]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sánchez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Crecimiento económico y política industrial en México]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Problemas del Desarrollo. Revista Latinoamericana de Economía]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>43</volume>
<numero>170</numero>
<issue>170</issue>
<page-range>125-54</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Campa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Actividad de patentamiento en el sector educativo superior en México, 1940-1970]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Eseconomía]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>10</volume>
<numero>42</numero>
<issue>42</issue>
<page-range>51-79</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Campa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Patentes en México en la época de la Industrialización por Sustitución de Importaciones]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[España ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cárdenas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[El largo curso de la economía mexicana: De 1780 a nuestros días]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Fondo de Cultura Económica]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cárdenas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ocampo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Thorp]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Industrialización y Estado en la América Latina: La leyenda negra de la posguerra]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Fondo de Cultura Económica]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Casas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Luna]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Gobierno, academia y empresas en México: Hacia una nueva configuración de relaciones]]></source>
<year>1997</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Plaza y Valdés]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Castañeda]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[La evolución de los grupos económicos durante el periodo 1940-2008]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Historia económica general de México: De la colonia a nuestros días]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[El Colegio de México]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Castro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pacón]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Desiderio]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Varieties of Latin-American patent offices: Comparative study of practices and procedures]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Knowledge Governance: Reasserting the Public Interest]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<page-range>165-98</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Londres ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Anthem Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Concha]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G. de la]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Calleros]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Los caminos de la invención: Inventos e inventores en México]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto Politécnico Nacional]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Corona]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[La tecnología, siglos XVI al XX]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Historia Económica de México]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[David]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Clio and the Economics of QWERTY]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[American Economic Review]]></source>
<year>1985</year>
<volume>75</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>332-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fajnzylber]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La industrialización trunca de América Latina]]></source>
<year>1983</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Editorial Nueva Imagen]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[García]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Heijx]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[La política de ciencia y tecnología en México: Una síntesis de las etapas, características e instrumentos]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bastian]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. I.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Caballero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guerrero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Sujetos y espacios: Retos globales y locales de las ciencias sociales]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Morelos ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gauss]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Made in mexico: Regions, nation, and the state in the rise of mexican industrialism, 1920s-1940s]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Estados Unidos ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Penn State University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Griliches]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Z.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Estadísticas de patentes como indicadores económicos: Una panorámica]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Ekonomiaz. Revista vasca de Economía]]></source>
<year>1992</year>
<volume>23</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>265-320</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Haber]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Maurer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Razo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The politics of property rights: Political instability, credible commitments, and economic growth in Mexico, 1876-1929]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cambridge ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Instituto Mexicano de la Propiedad Industrial</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Gaceta de la Propiedad Industrial]]></source>
<year>1940</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Autor]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Instituto Mexicano de la Propiedad Industrial</collab>
<source><![CDATA[IMPI en cifras 2016]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Autor]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Instituto Nacional de la Investigación Científica</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Política nacional y programas en ciencia y tecnología]]></source>
<year>1970</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Autor]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Instruments Science and Technology Policy</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Ciencia y tecnología para el desarrollo: Informe comparativo central del proyecto STPI]]></source>
<year>1980</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Bogotá ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Francisco Sagasti]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jeannot]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Las reformas económicas en México: El desafío de la competitividad]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Katz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Patentes, corporaciones multinacionales y tecnología. Un examen crítico de la legislacíon internacional]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Desarrollo Económico]]></source>
<year>1972</year>
<volume>12</volume>
<numero>45</numero>
<issue>45</issue>
<page-range>142-3</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Katz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Importación de tecnología, aprendizaje e industrialización dependiente]]></source>
<year>1980</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Fondo de Cultura Económica]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kuntz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Historia económica general de México: De la colonia a nuestros días]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[El Colegio de México]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B41">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Ley de Fomento y Protección de la Propiedad Industrial]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Diario Oficial de la Federación]]></source>
<year>1991</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B42">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lomnitz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L. A. de]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pérez-Lizaur]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[A Mexican elite family, 1820-1980]]></source>
<year>1987</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Princeton ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Princeton University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B43">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[María y Campos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Transferencia de tecnología: Dependencia exterior y desarrollo económico]]></source>
<year>1968</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B44">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martínez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Generación y protección del conocimiento: Propiedad intelectual, innovación y desarrollo económico]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B45">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Márquez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Claves de la historia económica de México: El desempeño de largo plazo (siglos XVI-XXI)]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Fondo de Cultura Económica]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B46">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mazzoleni]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nelson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The benefits and costs of strong patent protection: A contribution to the current debate]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Research Policy]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<volume>27</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>273-84</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B47">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mercado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Desarrollo y crisis de la capacidad tecnológica latinoamericana. El caso de la industria metalmecánica]]></source>
<year>1986</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Argentina ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B48">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mercado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lombó]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Un estudio sobre el cambio tecnológico de una empresa mexicana productora de máquinas para molinos. Programa de investigación sobre desarrollo científico y tecnológico en América Latina]]></source>
<year>1982</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Argentina ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B49">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moreno-Brid]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ros]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Development and growth in the Mexican economy: A historical perspective]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Oxford ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Oxford University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B50">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Oficina Española de Patentes y Marcas</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Clasificación internacional de patentes]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B51">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Organización de las Naciones Unidas</collab>
<source><![CDATA[La función del sistema de patentes en la transmisión de tecnología a los países en desarrollo]]></source>
<year>1964</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Autor]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B52">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Organización de las Naciones Unidas</collab>
<source><![CDATA[La función del sistema de patentes en la transmisión de tecnología a los países en desarrollo]]></source>
<year>1975</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Autor]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B53">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Organización Mundial de la Propiedad Intelectual. Oficina de Publicaciones</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Industrial property statistics]]></source>
<year>1983</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Génova ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Autor]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B54">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Manual de estadísticas de patentes de la OCDE]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Francia y España ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Foro Consultivo y la Oficina Española de Patentes y Marcas]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B55">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Padua]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Educación, industrialización y progreso técnico en México : Un estudio de caso en la zona conurbada de la desembocadura del Río Balsas]]></source>
<year>1984</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[El Colegio de México]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B56">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Penrose]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E. T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La economía del sistema internacional de patentes]]></source>
<year>1974</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Siglo XXI]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B57">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pérez-Lizaur]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[El empresario tecnológicamente innovador y su contexto]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Nueva Antropología]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<volume>15</volume>
<numero>50</numero>
<issue>50</issue>
<page-range>127-46</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B58">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pérez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[La modernización industrial en América Latina y la herencia de la sustitución de importaciones]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Comercio Exterior]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<volume>46</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>347-63</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B59">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rossi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[El empresario mexicano]]></source>
<year>1977</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B60">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sáiz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Legislación histórica sobre propiedad industrial: España (1759-1929)]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Oficina Española de Patentes y Marcas]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B61">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sáiz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Spanish patent system (1770-1907)]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[History of Technology]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<numero>24</numero>
<issue>24</issue>
<page-range>45-79</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B62">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores. Dirección General de Inversión Extranjera</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Inversión extranjera directa en México y en el mundo. Carpeta de información estadística]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Autor]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B63">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sepúlveda]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chumacero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La inversión extranjera en México]]></source>
<year>1973</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Fondo de Cultura Económica]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B64">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shadlen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The puzzling politics of patents and innovation policy in Mexico]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Law and Business Review of the Americas]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>16</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>823-38</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B65">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shadlen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Kenneth C]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Mexican Exception: Patents and Innovation Policy in a Non-conformist and Reluctant Middle Income Country]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The European Journal of Development Research]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>24</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>300-18</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B66">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tornell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Economic crises and reform in México]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Crony capitalism and economic growth in Latin America: Theory and evidence]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[California ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Stanford University]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B67">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vaitsos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Patents revisited: Their function in developing countries]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Journal of Development Studies]]></source>
<year>1972</year>
<volume>9</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>71-97</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B68">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vergne]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.-P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Durand]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Missing Link Between the Theory and Empirics of Path Dependence: Conceptual Clarification, Testability Issue, and Methodological Implications: Path Dependence]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Management Studies]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>47</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>736-59</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B69">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wionczek]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Capital y tecnología en México y América Latina]]></source>
<year>1981</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Miguel Ángel Porrúa]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B70">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wionczek]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bueno]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Navarrete]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La transferencia internacional de tecnología, el caso de México]]></source>
<year>1988</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Fondo Cultura Económica]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B71">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Maddison]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Monitoring the world economy, 1820-1992]]></source>
<year>1995</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Washington, D. C. ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
