<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1405-1079</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Gestión y política pública]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Gest. polít. pública]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1405-1079</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económicas A.C., División de Administración Pública]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1405-10792021000300179</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.29265/gypp.v30i3.972</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Control político del servicio civil: El caso del gobierno de Puerto Rico]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Political Control over the Civil Service: The Case of the Government of Puerto Rico]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pérez-Chiqués]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Elizabeth]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bustos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Edgar O.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económicas División de Administración Pública ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Aguascalientes Aguascalientes]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económicas División de Administración Pública ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Ciudad de México ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>30</volume>
<numero>spe</numero>
<fpage>179</fpage>
<lpage>207</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1405-10792021000300179&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1405-10792021000300179&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1405-10792021000300179&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen: Luego de contar con un sistema de servicio civil de carrera consolidado, el gobierno de Puerto Rico ha revertido a un sistema de administración de personal donde predominan los intereses político-partidistas, esto mediante la manipulación sistemática de las estructuras formales del servicio civil. Este estudio emplea una estrategia cualitativa de métodos mixtos con el fin de identificar las estructuras y prácticas informales que sostienen al patronazgo y facilitan la discriminación política, así como entender la experiencia y perspectiva de los empleados públicos de carrera dentro de un sistema incongruente, que promulga ser de mérito, pero que los somete a una administración de personal regida informalmente por criterios político-partidistas. El caso de Puerto Rico nos ayuda a entender cómo un sistema de mérito puede verse sometido por el poder de los partidos políticos mediante la institucionalización de prácticas neopatrimonialistas con el objeto de legitimar valores vinculados al patronazgo, manteniendo al servicio civil principalmente como un instrumento de coerción con fines políticos. Este caso reafirma que los remedios legales y las penalidades no son suficientes para mantener un sistema de mérito o para disminuir las prácticas de favoritismo y discriminación que conforman al patronazgo.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract: After having a consolidated career civil service system, the government of Puerto Rico has informally reverted to a personnel management system where political-partisan interests predominate through the use and systematic manipulation of the formal structures of the civil service. This study employs a qualitative mixed methods strategy in order to identify the informal structures that operate within government agencies, their instruments, and practices. It also seeks to understand the career of public employees within an incongruous system, which promulgates to be merit-based, but which subjects them to personnel management that is informally dominated by political-partisan criteria. The case of Puerto Rico helps us understand how a merit system can be subdued by the power of political parties through the institutionalization of neo-patrimonial practices that legitimize values linked to patronage, maintaining the civil service mainly as an instrument of coercion for political purposes. This case study reaffirms that legal remedies and penalties are not sufficient to maintain a merit system or reduce the practices of favoritism and discrimination that constitute patronage.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[servicio civil]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[patronazgo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[mérito]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[discriminación política]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[politización]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[civil service]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[patronage]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[merit]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[political discrimination]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[politicization]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arellano Gault]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Medina]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodríguez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[&#8220;Servicio civil: Estabilidad y espíritu de cuerpo contra la corrupción&#8221;, en D. Arellano (ed.), ¿Podemos reducir la corrupción en México? Límites y posibilidades de los instrumentos a nuestro alcance]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<page-range>177-205</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Ciudad de México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[CIDE]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arellano Gault]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Castillo-Salas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La resbaladilla de la corrupción: Estudios sobre los procesos sociales y organizacionales de la corrupción colusiva en el sector público]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Ciudad de México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[CIDE]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bearfield]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;What Is Patronage? A Critical Reexamination&#8221;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Public Administration Review]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>69</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>64-76</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Box]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Public Service Values]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[M.E. Sharpe]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="confpro">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Caballero-Fuentes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[&#8220;Discrimen político en el sistema de recursos humanos del servicio público de Puerto Rico&#8221;]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<conf-name><![CDATA[ XXIXConferencia y Exposición SHRM, Fajardo]]></conf-name>
<conf-loc>Puerto Rico </conf-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Charron]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dahlström]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fazekas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lapuente]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;Careers, Connections, and Corruption Risks: Investing the Impact of Bureaucratic Meritocracy on Public Procurement Processes&#8221;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Politics]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>79</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>89-104</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chudnovsky]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;La tensión entre mérito y confianza en la alta dirección pública de América Latina&#8221;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista del CLAD Reforma y Democracia]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>69</volume>
<page-range>5-40</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chudnovsky]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cafarelli]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;Los cambios en las estructuras organizacionales del Estado y su vínculo con la composición del empleo público: Argentina, 2003-2016&#8221;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Foro Internacional]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>58</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>275-312</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="confpro">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Colón-González]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[&#8220;El discrimen político en el empleo público mediante la manipulación de los sistemas de mérito: El caso de Puerto Rico&#8221;]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<conf-name><![CDATA[ XVIICongreso Internacional del CLAD &#8220;Sobre la reforma del Estado y de la administración pública&#8221;]]></conf-name>
<conf-loc>Cartagena </conf-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Comisión de Derechos Civiles</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Informe sobre discrimen político en el empleo público en Puerto Rico]]></source>
<year>1993</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Comisión de Gobierno</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Informe Positivo P. de la C.]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cooper]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;Politicization of the Bureaucracy across and within Administrative Traditions&#8221;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International Journal of Public Administration]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>44</volume>
<numero>7</numero>
<issue>7</issue>
<page-range>1-14</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cordero-Nieves]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Caballero-Fuentes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vazquez-Irizarry]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Segarra-Alméstica]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.V.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[El discrimen político en el empleo público]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[San Juan ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[CEMGAP]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cordero-Nieves]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;El discrimen político en el empleo público&#8221;]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Colón-Morera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alegría-Ortega]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Puerto Rico y los derechos humanos: Una intersección plural]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[San Juan ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Ediciones Callejón]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="confpro">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cordero-Nieves]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[&#8220;El estudio del discrimen político en el empleo público: Desafíos iniciales&#8221;]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<conf-name><![CDATA[ XVIICongreso Internacional del CLAD &#8220;Sobre la reforma del Estado y de la administración pública&#8221;]]></conf-name>
<conf-loc>Cartagena </conf-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cordero-Nieves]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;Consideraciones sobre los posibles efectos de la descentralización en la administración del servicio público: El caso de las regiones autónomas en Puerto Rico&#8221;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista Estado, Gobierno y Gestión Pública]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>24</volume>
<page-range>5-33</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dahlström]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lapuente]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Teorell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;Public Administration around the World&#8221;]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Holmberg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rothstein]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Good Government: The Relevance of Political Science]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<page-range>13-39</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cheltenham ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Edward Elgar]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Durazo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;Neo-Patrimonialism and Subnational Authoritarianism in Mexico: The Case of Oaxaca&#8221;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Politics in Latin America]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>2</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>85-112</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dussauge Laguna]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.I.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;The Challenges of Implementing Merit-Based Personnel Policies in Latin America: Mexico&#8217;s Civil Service Reform Experience&#8221;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>13</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>51-73</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Eisenstadt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Traditional Patrimonialism and Modern Neopatrominialism]]></source>
<year>1973</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Londres ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sage Publications]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Emerson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fretz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shaw]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Writing Ethnographic Fieldnotes]]></source>
<year>1995</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Chicago ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[University of Chicago Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Erdmann]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;Neo-Patrimonial Rule: Transition to Democracy has not Succeeded&#8221;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[D+C Development and Cooperation]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<volume>29</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>9-11</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Erdmann]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Engel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[U.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;Neopatrimonialism Reconsidered: Critical Review and Elaboration of an Elusive Concept&#8221;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Commonwealth &amp; Comparative Politics]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>45</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>95-119</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fuenzalida]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Riccucci]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;The Effects of Politicization on Performance: The Mediating Role of HRM Practices&#8221;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Review of Public Personnel Administration]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>39</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>544-69</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Geddes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Politician&#8217;s Dilemma: Building State Capacity in Latin America]]></source>
<year>1994</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Berkeley ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[University of California Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Goodsell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Administration of a Revolution: Executive Reform In Puerto Rico Under Governor Tugwell, 1941-1946]]></source>
<year>1965</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Massachusetts ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Harvard University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Grindle]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Jobs for the Boys: Patronage and the State in Comparative Perspective]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cambridge ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Harvard University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hamilton]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.K.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;Patronage in Illinois: The Political Subjugation of Public Administration&#8221;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Review of Public Personnel Administration]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>30</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>137-65</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Heidenheimer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Johnston]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[LeVine]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V.T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;The Persistence of Patronage Systems: An Introduction&#8221;]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Heidenheimer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Johnston]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[LeVine]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V.T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Political Corruption: A Handbook]]></source>
<year>1989</year>
<page-range>305-6</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[New Brunswick ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Transaction Publishers]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Iacoviello]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zuvanic]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;Desarrollo e integración de la gestión de recursos humanos en los estados latinoamericanos&#8221;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Documentos y Aportes en Administración Pública y Gestión Estatal]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>6</volume>
<numero>7</numero>
<issue>7</issue>
<page-range>45-92</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Iacoviello]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Llano]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ramos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;Alta dirección pública latinoamericana: Marchas y contramarchas&#8221;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista de Gestión Pública]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>6</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>173-214</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ingraham]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.W.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Foundation of Merit: Public Service in American Democracy]]></source>
<year>1995</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Baltimore ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Johns Hopkins University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Instituto de Estadísticas de Puerto Rico</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Estadísticas de puestos ocupados en el gobierno]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<nlm-citation citation-type="confpro">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ippolito-O&#8217;Donnell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[&#8220;Political Clientelism and the Quality of Democracy&#8221;]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<conf-name><![CDATA[ XXWorld Congress of the International Political Science Association-IPSA]]></conf-name>
<conf-loc>Fukuoka </conf-loc>
<page-range>9-13</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jancsics]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;Corruption as Resource Transfer: An Interdisciplinary Synthesis&#8221;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Public Administration Review]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>79</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>523-37</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Johnston]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;Patrons and Clients, Jobs and Machines: A Case Study of the Uses of Patronage&#8221;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[American Political Science Review]]></source>
<year>1979</year>
<volume>73</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>385-98</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kearney]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;Spoils in the Caribbean: The Struggle for Merit-Based Civil Service in the Dominican Republic&#8221;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Public Administration Review]]></source>
<year>1986</year>
<volume>46</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>144-51</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Klingner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;Public Personnel Management and Democratization: A View from Three Central American Republics&#8221;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Public Administration Review]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<volume>56</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>390-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Ley de Personal del Servicio Público de Puerto Rico]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[L.P.R.A.]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Light]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;The Tides of Reform Revisited: Patterns in Making Government Work, 1945-2002&#8221;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Public Administration Review]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>66</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>6-19</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B41">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Llorens]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Klingner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nalbandian]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Public Personnel Management: Context and Strategies]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Routledge]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B42">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lomnitz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;Informal Exchange Networks in Formal Systems: A Theoretical Model&#8221;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[American Anthropologist]]></source>
<year>1988</year>
<volume>91</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>42-55</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B43">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martínez Puón]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;Alcances y resultados del servicio profesional de carrera en México: Un ejercicio de evaluación a tres años de su implementación&#8221;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Gestión y Política Pública]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>XV</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>457-86</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B44">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Meyer-Sahling]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mikkelsen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schuster]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;Civil Service Management and Corruption: What We Know and What We Don&#8217;t&#8221;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Public Administration]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>96</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>276-85</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B45">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Meyer-Sahling]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mikkelsen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;Civil Service Laws, Merit, Politicization, and Corruption: The Perspective of Public Officials from Five East European Countries&#8221;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Public Administration]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>94</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>1105-23</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B46">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Meza]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pérez-Chiqués]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;Corruption Consolidation in Local Governments: A Grounded Analytical Framework&#8221;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Public Administration]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B47">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Monsiváis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Río]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. del]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;El neopatrimonialismo a debate: Coordenadas conceptuales y apuntes analíticos&#8221;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Espiral, Estudios sobre Estado y Sociedad]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>20</volume>
<numero>58</numero>
<issue>58</issue>
<page-range>37-66</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B48">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nieto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pardo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;La implementación del servicio profesional de carrera, 2003-2012&#8221;]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cejudo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pardo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dussauge]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Variaciones de implementación: Ocho casos de política pública]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Ciudad de México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[CIDE]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B49">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nigro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nigro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kellough]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;Public Employees - Rights and Responsibilities&#8221;]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nigro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nigro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kellough]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The New Public Personnel Administration]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<edition>6a</edition>
<page-range>233-47</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Boston ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Wadsworth]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B50">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[O&#8217;Dwyer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Runaway State-building: Patronage Politics and Democratic Development]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Baltimore ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[The Johns Hopkins University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B51">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Oficina del Gobernador</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Informe del Comité del Gobernador para el Estudio de los Derechos Civiles en Puerto Rico]]></source>
<year>1959</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[San Juan ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Editorial del Colegio de Abogados]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B52">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Oliveros]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[&#8220;A Working Machine: Patronage Jobs and Political Services in Argentina&#8221;]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Columbia University]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B53">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Oliveros]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;Making it personal: Clientelism, Favors, and the Personalization of Public Administration in Argentina&#8221;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Comparative Politics]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>48</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>373-91</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B54">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Oliveros]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schuster]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;Merit, Tenure, and Bureaucratic Behavior: Evidence from a Conjoint Experiment in the Dominican Republic&#8221;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Comparative Political Studies]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>51</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>759-92</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B55">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Oszlak]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;Public Policy and Political Regimes in Latin America&#8221;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International Social Science Journal]]></source>
<year>1986</year>
<volume>38</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>219-36</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B56">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ozturk]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.B.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[&#8220;Corruption, Job Patronage, and the Political Economy of Human Capital Investment&#8221;]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[University of Chicago, Department of Political Science]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B57">
<nlm-citation citation-type="confpro">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pacheco-Muñiz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vera-Rodríguez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[&#8220;La administración de recursos humanos en el gobierno de Puerto Rico: Centralización, descentralización, control y caos&#8221;]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<conf-name><![CDATA[ XIVCongreso Internacional del CLAD &#8220;Sobre la reforma del Estado y de la administración pública&#8221;]]></conf-name>
<conf-loc>Salvador de Bahía </conf-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B58">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pardo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;El servicio profesional de carrera en México: De la tradición al cambio&#8221;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Foro Internacional]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>45</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>599-634</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B59">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Peters]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pierre]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;Politicization of the Civil Service: Concepts, Causes, Consequences&#8221;]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Peters]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pierre]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Politicization of the Civil Service in Comparative Perspective]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<page-range>13-25</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Routledge]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B60">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pérez-Chiqués]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rubin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;Debasement of Merit: The Method and Experience of Political Discrimination by Public Employees in the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico&#8221;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Review of Public Personnel Administration]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B61">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Puentes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;Fricciones entre las ramas del poder público a propósito de la función pública en Colombia&#8221;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Estudios Socio-Jurídicos]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>19</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>79-123</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B62">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ramió]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;La profesionalización de las agencias reguladoras en América Latina: Los casos de Perú y de República Dominicana&#8221;]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Longo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ramió]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La profesionalización del empleo público en América Latina]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<page-range>263-312</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Barcelona ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Fundación CIDOB]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B63">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Remmer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;Neopatrimonialism: The Politics of Military Rule in Chile, 1973-1987&#8221;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Comparative Politics]]></source>
<year>1989</year>
<volume>21</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>149-70</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B64">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Repucci]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[&#8220;Civil Service Reform: A Review&#8221;]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Helsinki ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[UNU-WIDER]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B65">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Roth]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;Personal Rulership, Patrimonialism, and Empire-Building in the New States&#8221;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[World Politics]]></source>
<year>1968</year>
<volume>20</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>194-206</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B66">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ruiz-Acevedo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Á.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;La glorificación y crucifixión del sistema de mérito en Puerto Rico&#8221;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista de Administración Pública]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<volume>29</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>13-28</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B67">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Santana]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Fulgor y decadencia de la administración pública en Puerto Rico]]></source>
<year>1994</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[San Juan ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[La Torre del Viejo]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B68">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Scott]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;Corruption, Machine Politics, and Political Change&#8221;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The American Political Science Review]]></source>
<year>1969</year>
<volume>63</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>1142-58</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B69">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schuster]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;What Causes Patronage Reform? It Depends on the Type of Civil Service Reform&#8221;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Public Administration]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>94</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>1094-104</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B70">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schuster]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;Legal Reform Need Not Come First: Merit-based Civil Service Management in Law and Practice&#8221;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Public Administration]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>95</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>571-88</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B71">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Senado de Puerto Rico</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Transcripción Vista Pública, Comisión Especial para el Estudio de las Normas y Procedimientos Relacionados con la Compra y Uso de Petróleo por la Autoridad de Energía Eléctrica. Celebrada el martes, 2 de febrero de 2016, Presidida por el Hon. Aníbal J. Torres Torres]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<page-range>117</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B72">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stokes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;Perverse Accountability: A Formal Model of Machine Politics with Evidence from Argentina&#8221;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[American Political Science Review]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>99</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>315-25</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B73">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Van Riper]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[History of the United States Civil Service]]></source>
<year>1958</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Row, Peterson and Company]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B74">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Weber]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Max]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Economía y Sociedad]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Ciudad de México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Fondo de Cultura Económica]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B75">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wilson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;The Study of Administration&#8221;]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mosher]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Basic Literature of American Public Administration 1787-1950]]></source>
<year>1981</year>
<page-range>66-81</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Holmes &amp; Meier]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
