<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1405-1079</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Gestión y política pública]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Gest. polít. pública]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1405-1079</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económicas A.C., División de Administración Pública]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1405-10792018000200341</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Desempeño de las escuelas públicas primarias en México]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Public Elementary Schools&#8217; Performance in Mexico]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Santizo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Claudia]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Romero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Carlos]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Cuajimalpa ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Ciudad de México ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Ciudad de México  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Ciudad de México ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2018</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2018</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>27</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<fpage>341</fpage>
<lpage>373</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1405-10792018000200341&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1405-10792018000200341&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1405-10792018000200341&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen: La asignación de recursos humanos y materiales y sus efectos en el desempeño de escuelas públicas primarias generales en México revela prioridades no siempre explícitas en la política educativa. Esos recursos, además, interactúan con el contexto social de las familias y el rezago escolar. Se analizan estos efectos conjuntos en el desempeño escolar a través de los resultados promedio por escuela de la prueba estandarizada ENLACE de 2012. Se considera la heterogeneidad de las escuelas con su ordenamiento por deciles, y mediante una regresión por cuantiles se estima un modelo con el cual se construyen indicadores que conjuntan los efectos de los recursos y el contexto. Los resultados relevantes señalan, por un lado, que el rezago escolar condiciona el desempeño de las escuelas y, por otro, que la oferta de educación pública compensa desventajas sociales y escolares.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract: Human and material resources allocation and its effects on public elementary schools&#8217; performance in Mexico reveal priorities that are not always explicit on education policies. In addition, those resources interact with families&#8217; social context and students&#8217; educational lag. The combined effects of these factors are analyzed on schools&#8217; performance by using the results obtained by schools on the standardized test ENLACE of 2012. Heterogeneity of schools is considered by its decil ranking, and a model is estimated to build indicators that group the effects of resources and context on schools&#8217; performance through a quintile regression. Relevant results show, on one hand, that students&#8217; lag condition schools&#8217; performance and, on the other hand, that public schools compensate for social and scholar disadvantages.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[política educativa]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[educación pública]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[gastos en educación]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[crisis de la educación]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[condiciones sociales]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[medio familiar]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[educational policy]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[public education]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[educational expenditure]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[educational crisis]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[social conditions]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[family environment]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ares]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[School Size Policies: A Literature Review]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Documento de Trabajo 106]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[París ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[OCDE]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Backhoff]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bouzas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Contreras]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hernández]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[García]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Factores escolares y aprendizaje en México: El caso de la educación básica]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Ciudad de México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto Nacional para la Evaluación de la Educación]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Blanco]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Los límites de la escuela: Educación, desigualdad y aprendizajes en México]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Ciudad de México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[El Colegio de México]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brewer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[DeLeon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Foundations of Policy Analysis]]></source>
<year>1983</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Three Lakes ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cole Publishing]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Campos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Urbina]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Desempeño educativo en México: La prueba ENLACE]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Estudios Económicos]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>26</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>249-92</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>CONAPO (Consejo Nacional de Población)</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Índice de marginacion por localidad 2010]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Ciudad de México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Conapo]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fernández]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Distribución del conocimiento escolar: Clases sociales, escuelas y sistemaeducativo en América Latina]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Ciudad de México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[El Colegio de México]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Glewwe]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hanushek]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Humpage]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ravina]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[School Resources and Educational Outcomes in Developing Countries: A Review of the Literature from 1990 to 2010]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Glewwe]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Education Policy in Developing Countries]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Chicago ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[The University of Chicago Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hanushek]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Economics of Schooling: Production and Efficiency in Public Schools]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Economic Literature]]></source>
<year>1986</year>
<volume>24</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>1141-77</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hanushek]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A More Complete Picture of School Resource Policies]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Review of Educational Research]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<volume>66</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>397-409</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hanushek]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Failure of Input-Based Schooling Policies]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Economic Journal]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>113</volume>
<numero>485</numero>
<issue>485</issue>
<page-range>F64-98</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hanushek]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Luque]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Efficiency and Equity in Schools around the World]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Economics of Education Review]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>22</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>481-502</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hanushek]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Piopiunik]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wiederhold]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Value of Smarter Teachers: International Evidence on Teacher Cognitive Skills and Student Performance]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cambridge ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[National Bureau of Economic Research]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hao]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Naiman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Quantile Regression]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Thousand Oaks ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sage Publications]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>INEGI (Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía)</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Censo de población y vivienda 2010]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Ciudad de México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[INEGI]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>INEGI (Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía)</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Censo de Escuelas, Maestros y Alumnos de Educación Básica y Especial 2013 (CEMABE)]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Ciudad de México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[INEGI]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Koenker]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Quantile Regression]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Muñoz Izquierdo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodríguez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Restrepo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Borrani]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[El síndrome delatraso escolar y el abandono del sistema educativo]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista Latinoamericana de Estudios Educativos]]></source>
<year>1979</year>
<volume>IX</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>1-60</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>OCDE (Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos)</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Students, Computers and Learning: Making the Connection]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[París ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[OCDE]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>OCDE (Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos)</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Country Note, México: Low Performing Students: Why They Fall Behind and How to Help Them Succeed, pisa 2012]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[París ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[OCDE]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pont]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nusche]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hopkins]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Improving School Leadership, vol. 1: Policy and Practice]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[París ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[OCDE]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Santibánez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martinez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Datar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McEwan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Messan Setodji]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Basurto-Davila]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Haciendo camino: Análisis del sistema de evaluación y del impacto del programa de estímulos docentes Carrera Magisterial en México]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Secretaría de Educación Pública]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>SEP (Secretaría de Educación Pública)</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Formato 911: Inicio de cursos de 2007-2008, 2008-2009, 2009-2010, 2010-2011, 2011-2012 y 2012-2013]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Ciudad de México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[SEP]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>SEP (Secretaría de Educación Pública)</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Evaluación Nacional de Logro Académico en Centros Escolares (ENLACE), Base de datos completa para 2012, 2011, 2010 y 2009]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Ciudad de México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[SEP]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Skoufias]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shapiro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Evaluating the Impact of Mexico's Quality Schools Program: The Pitfalls of Using Nonexperimental Data]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Washington, D.C. ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[World Bank]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Valenti]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Salazar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Florez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Luna]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Factores asociados al logro educativo: Un enfoque centrado en el estudiante]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Ciudad de México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Flacso]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vegas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Coffin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[When Education Expenditure Matters: An Empirical Analysis of Recent International Data]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Comparative Education Review]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>59</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>289-304</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wainer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Introduction to a Special Issue of the &#8216;Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics&#8217; on Value-Added Assessment]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>29</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>1-3</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Woessman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Schooling Resources, Educational Institutions and Student Performance: the International Evidence]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>65</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>117-70</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
