<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1405-0927</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Historia y grafía]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Hist. graf]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1405-0927</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Iberoamericana, Departamento de Historia]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1405-09272025000200207</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.48102/hyg.vi65.591</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Establishing historical Events &#8220;under a Description&#8221;]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Estableciendo acontecimientos históricos &#8220;bajo una descripción&#8221;]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pihlainen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Kalle]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Turku  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Finlandia</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<numero>65</numero>
<fpage>207</fpage>
<lpage>226</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1405-09272025000200207&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1405-09272025000200207&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1405-09272025000200207&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract This article argues that historical events exist only &#8220;under a description,&#8221; shaped by the interpretive frameworks and narrative purposes of historians rather than as self-contained entities waiting to be discovered. Confronting the persistent intuition that events must have an independent existence, it critiques essentialist views and demonstrates that events are constructed through the selective organization of facts into accounts serving specific explanatory aims. Unlike debates in philosophy of language, historical construction is less about reference and more about constructing meaningful connections. The article also critiques the reliance on causal explanations, revealing their limited value in capturing the complexities of past phenomena, and instead underscores the role of linguistic and historiographical practices in giving events their coherence and significance. By distinguishing between the factual accuracy of individual elements and the broader validity of historical interpretations, it emphasizes the contingent, evaluative, and constructed nature of historical representation. Ultimately, this approach calls for an understanding of history-writing as a dynamic practice of meaning-making-one grounded in evidence, but also in the recognition of its limits, its ethical stakes, and its power to shape collective memory and identity.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen Este artículo argumenta que los acontecimientos históricos solo existen &#8220;bajo una descripción&#8221;, moldeados por los marcos interpretativos y los propósitos narrativos de los historiadores, en lugar de como entidades autónocontenidas a la espera de ser descubiertas. Ante la pertinaz idea de que los acontecimientos deben tener una existencia independiente, se critican las concepciones esencialistas y se demuestra que los acontecimientos se construyen mediante la organización selectiva de hechos en relatos que sirven objetivos explicativos específicos. A diferencia de los debates en la filosofía del lenguaje, el constructivismo histórico no tiene tanto que ver con la referencialidad cuanto con la construcción de conexiones significativas. Este artículo también cuestiona la fiabilidad de las explicaciones causales, lo que revela su limitado valor para captar las complejidades de los fenómenos del pasado y, en cambio, subraya el papel de las prácticas lingüísticas e historiográficas al momento de prestar coherencia y significado a los acontecimientos. Al distinguir entre la exactitud factual de los componentes individuales y la más amplia validez de las interpretaciones históricas, pone el acento en la naturaleza contingente, valorativa y construida de la representación histórica. En último término, este planteamiento invita a entender la escritura histórica como una práctica dinámica de producción de significados: una que se funda en las pruebas, pero también en el reconocimiento de sus límites, sus desafíos éticos y su poder para conformar la memoria y la identidad colectivas.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[historiography]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[interpretation]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[realismo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[antirrealismo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[acontecimientos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[explicaciones causales]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[descripción]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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