<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1405-0471</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Madera y bosques]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Madera bosques]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1405-0471</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto de Ecología A.C.]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1405-04712018000300205</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21829/myb.2018.2431465</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Defectos en madera de eucalipto asociados a daños por heladas en Entre Ríos, Argentina]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Defects of eucalypt wood associated with frost damage in Entre Ríos, Argentina]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[García]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[María de los Ángeles]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mastrandrea]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ciro Andrés]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Concordia Área Forestal]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ Entre Ríos]]></addr-line>
<country>Argentina</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2018</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2018</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>24</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1405-04712018000300205&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1405-04712018000300205&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1405-04712018000300205&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen En un rodal de Eucalyptus grandis afectado por heladas se estudió la asociación entre daños por heladas y defectos en la madera. Cuatro meses después de las heladas se clasificaron 40 árboles de 3 años en 3 clases de daño por heladas: sin daño aparente, ápice seco, toda la copa dañada; se les midió altura y diámetro normal (DAP) y dos años después se midieron nuevamente y se apearon 19 individuos de las 3 clases. En las dos primeras trozas se estimó el módulo de elasticidad dinámico (MOE) y en las tablas se registró presencia de médula, pudrición, grietas y kino. Los datos se analizaron con modelos mixtos, prueba LSD de Fisher, análisis de correspondencia múltiple y modelos lineales generalizados mixtos. En la primera medición los árboles sin daño aparente presentaban altura y DAP significativamente mayores a los demás. Dos años después de la primera medición los árboles que habían presentado toda la copa dañada mostraron valores de DAP significativamente menores. El MOE de las segundas trozas resultó significativamente mayor en árboles sin daño aparente comparados con los de toda la copa dañada. Solo se observó pudrición en árboles con daño visible, pero sin diferencias significativas en la proporción de tablas con pudrición en las dos clases. La asociación entre grietas y daño por heladas no fue significativa. El daño por heladas según la escala usada se asocia con pudrición en tablas y con el módulo de elasticidad de las trozas.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract We studied the association of visible frost damage with wood defects of Eucalyptus grandis trees affected by frost. Four months after frosts occurrence we classified 40 trees from a three-years-old stand in three classes of damage: no visible frost damage; frozen top; completely frozen crown; at the same time we measured trees height (H) and diameter at breast height (DBH) and after two years we measured 19 trees of the three classes of frost damage again and then we cut them. We also assessed the dynamic modulus of elasticity (DMoE) of the basal and the second logs and recorded the presence of pith, rot, cracks and kino on timber boards. Trees with no apparent frost damage showed significantly higher height and DBH compared with trees from the other classes, whereas by the second measurement trees with completely frozen crown presented significantly lower DBH than those from the other classes. DMoE of second logs was significantly higher in trees with no apparent frost damage compared with trees with completely frozen crown. We found rot only in timber boards from trees with frost damage, but we found no significant differences in the number of timber boards with rot between the two classes with visible frost damage. Association of cracks with frost damage was not significant. The classes of damage used in this study allowed to detect rot on tables and to differentiate trees according to DMoE of logs.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[clasificación visual]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[frío]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[método no destructivo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[módulo de elasticidad]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[plantaciones forestales]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[pudrición]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[visual classification]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[cold]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[non-destructive method]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[modulus of elasticity]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[plantation forests]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[rot]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alonso-Peña]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Manual de histología vegetal]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Madrid - México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Ediciones Mundi-Prensa]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Broschat]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T. K.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Cold Damage on Palms]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Environmental Horticulture Department, University of Florida, IFAS Extension]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Crane]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Cold protection for tropical-subtropical fruit crops in Florida home landscape]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[University of Florida, IFAS Extension]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="confpro">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Del Tufo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<collab>INTA-Aianer</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Evaluación del raleo en un rodal afectado por heladas]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<conf-name><![CDATA[ XXVI Jornadas Forestales de Entre Ríos]]></conf-name>
<conf-loc> </conf-loc>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Concordia, Argentina ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[INTA-Aianer]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Di Rienzo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Casanoves]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Balzarini]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[González]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tablada]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Robledo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[InfoStat versión 2015]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Argentina ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Grupo InfoStat]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Fakopp Enterprise</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Aplicación en planilla Excel de analizador de sonido con transformada rápida de Fourier (FFT)]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Garrán]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Garín]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Las heladas de julio de 2007 en la región de Concordia. Sistema FruTIC]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gbur]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stroup]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McCarter]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Durham]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Young]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Christman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[West]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kramer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Analysis of Generalized Linear Mixed Models in the Agricultural and Natural Resources Sciences]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Madison Wisconsin, USA ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[American Society of Agronomy, Crop and Soil Science Society of America Inc.]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gurskaya]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shiyatov]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Distribution of frost injuries in the wood of conifers]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Russian Journal of Ecology]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>37</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>7-12</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hillis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Heartwood and tree exudates]]></source>
<year>1987</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Berlin, Germany ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Springer-Verlag]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jacobs]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Growth habits of the Eucalypts]]></source>
<year>1986</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Canberra, Australia ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Forestry and Timber Bureau]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Núñez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Pulpa y Papel I]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pearce]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Plant freezing and damage]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Annals of Botany]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<volume>87</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>417-24</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Peña]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. de la]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Flores]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ramos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Pérdidas económicas causadas por las heladas del 7, 8 y 9 de Junio en forestaciones de eucalipto de la costa del río Uruguay]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Prado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Selección de especies y procedencias]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Prado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barros Asenjo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Eucalyptus: principios de silvicultura y manejo]]></source>
<year>1989</year>
<page-range>42-56</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Santiago, Chile ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto Forestal]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sánchez Acosta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Relación peso-volumen en madera rolliza. Incidencia de la corteza]]></article-title>
<collab>INTA Concordia</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Información Forestal, G. Explotación]]></source>
<year>1987</year>
<page-range>1-3</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Concordia, Argentina ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Estación Experimental Agrope-cuaria INTA Concordia]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schweingruber]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F. H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Modification of the tree-ring structure due to extreme site conditions]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Timell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wimmer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Wood structure and environment]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<page-range>87-92</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Berlin - Heidelberg, Germany ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Springer-Verlag]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shield]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mastrandrea]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Reglas de tipificación de madera aserrada y secada en horno de Eucalyptus grandis en la Mesopotamia, Argentina]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Concordia, Argentina ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Proyecto Socodevi-INTA, Profeder y Pnfor 2211]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Sinais</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Curso de análisis de vibraciones]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Snyder]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[de Melo-Abreu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Protección contra las heladas: fundamentos, práctica y economía]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>1</volume>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Soto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Valenzuela]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lasserre]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Efecto de la densidad de plantación inicial en el módulo de elasticidad dinámico de árboles en pie y trozas de una plantación de pino radiata de 28 años, en la zona de arenales, Chile]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Ciencia y Tecnología]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>14</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>209-24</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stöckli]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schweingruber]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A common mechanism for observed similarities in xylem abnormalities in response to frost drought transplantation and coppicing]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stöckli]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Tree rings as indicators of ecological processes: the influence of competition frost and water stress on tree growth size and survival]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<page-range>29-42</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Basilea, Suiza ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universität Basel]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stöckli]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schweingruber]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Mechanism, anatomy and consequences of frost ring formation in mountain pine (Pinus mugo ssp unicata)]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stöckli]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Tree rings as indicators of ecological processes: the influence of competition frost and water stress on tree growth size and survival]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<page-range>11-28</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Basilea, Suiza ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universität Basel]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wilkes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Host attributes affecting patterns of decay in a regrowth eucalypt. V. Barrier zones]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Holzforschung]]></source>
<year>1986</year>
<volume>40</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>37-42</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Xu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Walker]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Stiffness gradients in Pinus radiata trees]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Wood Science and Technology]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>38</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>1-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
