<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1405-0218</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Isonomía]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Isonomía]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1405-0218</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México; Fontamara]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1405-02182025000100005</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5347/isonomia.62/2025/752</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Análisis conceptual de las flexibilidades del sistema de patentes]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Conceptual Analysis of Patent System Flexibilities]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vodanovic Undurraga]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Eduardo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Austral de Chile  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Chile</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<numero>62</numero>
<fpage>116</fpage>
<lpage>148</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1405-02182025000100005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1405-02182025000100005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1405-02182025000100005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen Dado sus elevados precios, los medicamentos patentados son cada vez más difíciles de adquirir, tanto por las personas como por los presupuestos sanitarios. Frente a este problema de acceso, es común recurrir a las flexibilidades del sistema de patentes como una herramienta jurídica plausible, sobre todo, por los países en vías de desarrollo. Suelen resaltarse dos aspectos de las flexibilidades. Por un lado, se consideran como un conjunto de mecanismos (como las licencias obligatorias, las importaciones paralelas o la determinación de los criterios de patentabilidad) diseñados para mitigar algunos efectos del sistema de patentes. Por otro lado, corresponde a los Estados miembros de la Organización Mundial del Comercio establecer, a nivel nacional, los requisitos específicos y condiciones para la aplicación de cada uno de estos mecanismos. Sin embargo, más allá de estos rasgos, no está claro qué guardan en común y qué distingue a cada uno.El artículo muestra la ventaja de realizar un análisis teórico-conceptual de las flexibilidades del sistema de patentes, y la plausibilidad de entenderlas en su gran mayoría como excepciones al ejercicio de derechos. De esta manera, se provee un marco conceptual que aporta mayor claridad a un fenómeno que hasta ahora no ha sido suficientemente teorizado.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract Because of their high prices, patented drugs are becoming increasingly difficult to acquire by individuals and health budgets. Faced with this access problem, flexibilities of the patent system are commonly cited as a plausible legal tool to be used, especially by developing countries.Two aspects of these flexibilities are usually highlighted. On the one hand, they comprise a set of mechanisms (such as compulsory licenses, parallel imports or the definition of patenting requirements) aimed at tempering the outcomes of patent law in various ways. On the other hand, there is also the common idea that it is the national member states of the World Trade Organization who should define the requirements entailed by each mechanism. However, in addition to these features, it is not sufficiently clear what else they have in common and what distinguishes each mechanism.The paper shows the advantage of carrying out a theoretical-conceptual analysis of the flexibilities of the patent system by understanding most of them as exceptions of the enforcement of rights. The paper provides a conceptual framework based on a specific understanding of patent rights and the analysis of norms that give a greater clarity to a topic that has been under-theorized.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[flexibilidades]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[acuerdo ADPIC]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[patentes farmacéuticas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[excepciones]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[flexibilities]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[TRIPS agreement]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[pharmaceutical patents]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[exceptions]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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