<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1405-0218</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Isonomía]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Isonomía]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1405-0218</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México; Fontamara]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1405-02182021000200002</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5347/isonomia.v0i55.425</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Instituciones formales e informales: un análisis jurídico-institucional aplicado a los programas sociales y las cuotas de género en América Latina]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Formal and Informal Institutions: A Legal-Institutional Analysis Applied to Social Programs and Gender Quotas in Latin America]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fernández Blanco]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Carolina]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Girona  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>España</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<numero>55</numero>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>26</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1405-02182021000200002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1405-02182021000200002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1405-02182021000200002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen En este trabajo se ofrece un acercamiento desde una perspectiva jurídica a los análisis promovidos por las teorías institucionalistas, y se utilizan como ejemplos dos problemas de las democracias latinoamericanas: la subrepresentación de las mujeres en los parlamentos y el clientelismo político en la distribución de programas sociales. Para ello, se comienza con una aproximación al concepto de instituciones y luego al de instituciones informales, y se describen dos diferentes tipos de instituciones informales con distintas características. Posteriormente, se realiza un análisis de cómo las instituciones informales han afectado la eficacia y efectividad de las normas jurídicas dictadas para promover las cuotas de género en las elecciones parlamentarias y de qué manera han, sin embargo, progresado en los últimos años. A continuación, se muestra cómo un diseño adecuado de la distribución de los &#8220;Programas de Transferencias Condicionadas&#8221; logró inicialmente neutralizar instituciones informales tales como el clientelismo y la pequeña corrupción, que afectaban de manera directa a las democracias latinoamericanas. Finalmente se proponen algunas ideas sobre la relevancia del buen diseño legislativo y su vinculación con la posibilidad de neutralizar las instituciones informales disvaliosas o disfuncionales]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract This article sketches a legal-institutional approach and uses it to examine two problems of Latin American democracies: underrepresentation of women in parliaments and political patronage in the distribution of social programs. First, the article identifies two different types of informal institutions &#8211; key in institutional analysis &#8211; and their core characteristics. Second, the article studies how informal institutions have affected the efficacy and effectiveness of the legal norms issued to promote gender quotas in parliamentary elections and in what way these have, however, progressed in recent years. Third, it is shown how an adequate design of &#8220;Conditional Cash Transfer&#8221; distribution programs initially managed to neutralize informal institutions such as clientelism and petty corruption, directly impacting Latin American democracies. Finally, the article proposes some ideas on the relevance of good legislative design and its potential effect in neutralizing undesirable or dysfunctional informal institutions.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[institucionalismo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[instituciones informales]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[análisis institucional]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[diseño legislativo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[género]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[clientelismo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[institutionalism]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[informal institutions]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[institutional analysis]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[legislative design]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[gender]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[clientelism]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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