<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1405-0218</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Isonomía]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Isonomía]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1405-0218</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México; Fontamara]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1405-02182017000100063</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Tres modelos legislativos sobre la tortura]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Three Legislative Proposals on Torture]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Abal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Federico]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Buenos Aires Facultad de Filosofía y Letras ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Buenos Aires ]]></addr-line>
<country>Argentina</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2017</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2017</year>
</pub-date>
<numero>46</numero>
<fpage>63</fpage>
<lpage>106</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1405-02182017000100063&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1405-02182017000100063&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1405-02182017000100063&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen El debate acerca de la tortura puede dividirse, siguiendo la clasificación de McMahan, en dos niveles: teórico y práctico. En el primero se discute acerca de la permisibilidad moral de la tortura en circunstancias excepcionales y las características que la convierten en una práctica, prima facie, inmoral. En el segundo se evalúan las posibles consecuencias de diferentes modelos de legislación (absolutista, institucionalista y legalista) para dar una respuesta a las situaciones del mundo real. El presente trabajo se inscribe en este segundo nivel y se propone analizar críticamente las propuestas legislativas de Jeff McMahan y Alan Dershowitz. Asimismo, busca ofrecer una exploración preliminar de las ventajas del modelo legalista.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract The debate about torture can be divided, following McMahan&#8217;s classification, into two levels: theoretical and practical. In the first, there is a discussion about the moral permissibility of torture in exceptional circumstances and the characteristics that make torture a practice, prima facie, immoral. In the second, the possible consequences of different models of legislation intending to address the situations that obtain in the real world (absolutism, institutionalism and legalism) are evaluated. In this second level, this paper aims to critically analyze the legislative proposals of Jeff McMahan and Alan Dershowitz. It also seeks to offer a preliminary exploration of the advantages of the legalistic model.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[tortura]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[absolutismo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[institucionalismo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[legalismo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[McMahan]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Dershowitz]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[torture]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[absolutism]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[institutionalism]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[legalism]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[McMahan]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Dershowitz]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Warrant to Torture? A Critique of Dershowitz and Levinson]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Allen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jonathan]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[ACDIS Occasional Paper, Program in Arms Control, Disarmament and International Security]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<numero>13</numero>
<issue>13</issue>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Torture Warrants, Self-Defense and Necessity]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Allhoff]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Fritz]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Public Affairs Quarterly]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>25</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>217-40</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[We not only Have a Right to Use Torture. We Have a Duty]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Anderson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Bruce]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Independent]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A Utilitarian Argument against Torture Interrogation of Terrorists]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arrigo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jean M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Science and Engineering Ethics]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<numero>10</numero>
<issue>10</issue>
<page-range>543-72</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Torture, Terrorism, and the State: A Refutation of the Ticking-bomb Argument]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arrigo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jean M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bufacchi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Vittorio]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Applied Philosophy]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>23</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>355-73</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Not enough Official Torture in the World? The Circumstances in which Torture is Morally Justifiable]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bagaric]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mirko]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Clarke]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Julie]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[University of San Francisco Law Review]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>39</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>581-616</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Torture vs. Other Cruel, Inhuman, and Degrading Treatment: Is the Distinction Real or Apparent?]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Basoglu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Metin]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Livanou]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Maria]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Archives of General Psychiatry]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>64</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>277-85</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Ethics of Torture-Lite. A Justifiable Middle-Ground?]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bellaby]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ross]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[International Journal of Applied Philosophy]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>29</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>177-90</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brecher]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Bob]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Torture and the Ticking Bomb]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Oxford ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Blackwell]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Effects and Effectiveness of Using Torture as an Interrogation Device: Using Research to Inform the Policy Debate]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Constanzo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mark]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gerrity]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ellen]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Social Issues and Policy Review]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>3</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>179-210</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[De la Cuesta Arzamendi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José Luis]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[¿Justificación de la tortura? Insuficiencias de la normativa penal internacional]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[de La Cuesta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José Luis]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Criminología y Derecho Penal al servicio de la persona. Libro-Homenaje al Profesor Antonio Beristain]]></source>
<year>1989</year>
<page-range>695-705</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[San Sebastián ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto Vasco de Criminología]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dershowitz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alan]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Why Terrorism Works: Understanding the Threat, Responding to the Challenge]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[New Haven and London ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Yale University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dershowitz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alan]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Shouting Fire]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[New York, Little ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Brown and Company]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Torture Warrants: A Response to Professor Strauss]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dershowitz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alan]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[New York Law School Review]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>48</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>275-94</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dershowitz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alan]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Tortured Reasoning]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Greenberg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Karen]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dratel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Joshua]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Torture Papers: The Road to Abu Ghraib]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cambridge ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gross]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Oren]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;The Prohibition on Torture and the Limits of the Law&#8221;]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Levinson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Sanford]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Torture: A Collection]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<page-range>229-53</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Oxford ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Oxford University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Torture is Always Wrong]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Juratowich]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ben]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Public Affairs Quarterly]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>22</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>81-90</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Torture and the &#8220;distributive justice&#8221; theory of self-defense: An assessment]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kaufman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Whitley]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Ethics and International Affairs]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>22</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>93-115</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kramer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Matthew H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Torture and Moral Integrity]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Oxford ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Oxford University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[¿Es posible torturar en legítima defensa de terceros?]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Llobet Anglí]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mariona]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[InDret: Revista para el Análisis del Derecho]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<page-range>1-44</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Liberalism and the Unpleasant Question of Torture]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Luban]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[David]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Virginia Law Review]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>91</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>1425-61</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Has Torture Saved Innocent Lives? The Case for Skepticism]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Luban]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[David]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Blog Balkinization]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[In defense of the absolute prohibition of torture]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mayerfeld]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jamie]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Public Affairs Quarterly]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>22</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>109-28</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Torture, Morality and Law]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McMahan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jeff]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>37</volume>
<numero>2/3</numero>
<issue>2/3</issue>
<page-range>241-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Torture in principle and in practice]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McMahan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jeff]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Public Affairs Quarterly]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>22</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>111-28</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McMahan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jeff]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Torture and Method in Moral Philosophy]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Anderson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Scott]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nussbaum]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Martha]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Torture, Law and War]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Chicago ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Chicago University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Behavioral Study of Obedience]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Milgram]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Stanley]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology]]></source>
<year>1963</year>
<volume>67</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>371-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Milgram]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Stanley]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Obedience to Authority. An Experimental View]]></source>
<year>1974</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[London ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Tavistock Publication]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Palermo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Omar]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Deberes de tolerancia e indulgencia en situaciones de necesidad]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Robles Planas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ricardo]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sánchez-Ostiz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Pablo]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La crisis del derecho penal contemporáneo]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<page-range>127-50</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Barcelona ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Editorial Atelier]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pettit]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Philip]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[El consecuencialismo]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Singer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Peter]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Compendio de Ética]]></source>
<year>1995</year>
<page-range>323-36</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Madrid ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Alianza Editorial]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rejali]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Darius]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Torture and Democracy]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Princeton ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Princeton University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Pobreza Global y Conocimiento Empírico]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rivera López]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Eduardo]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Revista Latinoamericana de Filosofía]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>33</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>315-32</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[How torture helped win WWII]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Roberts]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Andrew]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Daily Beast]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Escuela de las Américas o Escuela de violadores de Derechos Humanos?]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Romero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Rafael]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[ECA. Estudios centroamericanos]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>69</volume>
<numero>739</numero>
<issue>739</issue>
<page-range>301-19</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Trends in the Disapproval and Use of Marijuana among Adolescents and Young Adults in the United States: 2002-2013]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Salas-Wright]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>41</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>392-404</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Hypothetical Torture in the &#8216;War on Terrorism&#8217;]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Scheppele]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Kim]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of National Security Law and Policy]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>1</volume>
<page-range>285-340</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Torture]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shue]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Henry]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Philosophy and Public Affairs]]></source>
<year>1978</year>
<volume>7</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>124-43</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Torture in Dreamland: Disposing of the Ticking Bomb]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shue]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Henry]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>37</volume>
<numero>2 y 3</numero>
<issue>2 y 3</issue>
<page-range>231-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Defusing the Ticking Social Bomb Argument: The right to self-defensive torture]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Steinhoff]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Uwe]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Global Dialogue]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>12</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>1-12</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B41">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Torture Can Be Self-Defense: A Critique of Whitley Kaufman]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Steinhoff]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Uwe]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Ethics &amp; International Affairs]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>22</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B42">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Torture. The case for Dirty Harry and Against Alan Dershowitz]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Steinhoff]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Uwe]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Applied Philosophy]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>23</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>337-53</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B43">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[What&#8217;s Wrong with Torture?]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sussman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[David]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Philosophy and Public Affairs]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>33</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>1-33</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B44">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Torture]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Strauss]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Marcy]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[New York Law School Review]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>48</volume>
<page-range>201-74</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B45">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Bentham on Torture]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Twining]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W. L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Twining]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Northern Ireland Legal Quarterly]]></source>
<year>1973</year>
<volume>24</volume>
<page-range>307-56</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B46">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;Torture and Positive Law: Jurisprudence for the White House&#8221;]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Waldron]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jeremy]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Columbia Law Review]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>105</volume>
<page-range>1681-750</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B47">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Political Action: The Problem of Dirty Hands]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Walzer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Michael]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Philosophy and Public Affairs]]></source>
<year>1973</year>
<volume>2</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>160-80</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B48">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Its About Time: Defusing the Ticking-Bomb Argument]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wisnewski]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jeremy]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Applied Philosophy]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>22</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>103-16</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B49">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Hearing the Still-Ticking-Bomb: A Reply to Bufacchi and Arrigo]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wisnewski]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jeremy]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Applied Philosophy]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>26</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>205-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B50">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[In Defense of a Principled Absolutism against Torture: A Reply to Fritz Allhoff&#8217;s Torture, Terrorism and Time-Bombs]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wisnewski]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jeremy]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Philosophy Today]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>57</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>114-20</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B51">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Training Torturers: A Critique of the Ticking Bomb Argument]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wolfendale]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jessica]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Social Theory and Practice]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>32</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>269-87</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B52">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Myth of Torture Lite]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wolfendale]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jessica]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Ethics and International Affairs]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>23</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>47-61</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B53">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zimbardo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Phillip]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Lucifer Effect: Understanding How Good People Turn Evil]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[New York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Random House.]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
