Geología e historia de emplazamiento de la serie plutónica Nuevo Rosarito en la parte sur del batolito de las Sierras Peninsulares, Baja California, México

Tomás Alejandro Peña–Alonso^1*, Luis Alberto Delgado–Argote¹, Bodo Weber¹, Fernando Velasco–Tapia², and Víctor Valencia^3,4

¹ Departamento de Geología, CICESE, 22800 Ensenada, Baja California, México.

² Facultad de Ciencias de la Tierra, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, 67700 Linares, Nuevo León, México.

³ Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, Tucson AZ, 85721, United States of America.

⁴ Valencia Geoservices, 3389 NRiver Rapids Dr, Tucson AZ, 85712, United States of America. * alepena@cicese.mx, topeax@gmail.com.

Manuscript received: May 16, 2011
Corrected manuscript received: August 23, 2011
Manuscript accepted: September 5, 2011

ABSTRACT

The Cretaceous Nuevo Rosarito plutonic suite is located in the southern part of the Peninsular Ranges batholith (~28.7 °N). It is hosted by a suite of Jurassicgranitoidrocks datedat 151.6Ma (U–Pb single zircon ages) and by Late Jurassic – Early Cretaceous volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks. Host rocks display solid–state fabrics related to a deformational event that occurred before the emplacement of the Nuevo Rosarito plutonic suite. The composition of the suite ranges from gabbro to granite. The suite is sub–alkaline and it is divided into three mafic and four felsic units. The geochemical composition of the felsic units varies from metaluminous to peraluminous, and shows arc–related geochemical signatures. Structural and geochemical data suggest that the emplacement of the plutonic suite took place in two episodes. The first one is defined by the intrusion of mafic units in which dioritic bodies were emplaced within a gabbroic body along NNE–SSW oriented extensionalfractures. The second episode is defined by the intrusion of three felsic units during a NE–side up, syn–emplacement movement that occurred around 108.4 Ma.

Keywords: geochemistry, geochronology, deformation, emplacement, Peninsular Range batholith, Mexico.

RESUMEN

Palabras clave: geoquímica, geocronología, deformación, emplazamiento, Batolito de las Sierras Peninsulares, México.

INTRODUCTION

The Peninsular Ranges batholith (PRB) is a continuous belt of Late Cretaceous plutons that crops out from southern California, USA, to the northern half of the Baja California peninsula, Mexico. According to geochemical, mineralogical, geophysical, and age data (e.g., DePaolo, 1981; Todd and Shaw, 1985; Gromet and Silver, 1987; Silver and Chappell, 1988; Gastil et al., 1994; Tulloch and Kimbrough, 2003), it is a general convention to divide axially the batholith into a western and an eastern zone. The western zone is characterized by I– type plutons (Walawender et al., 1990) related to an oceanic arc and emplaced at sub–volcanic depths (Johnson et al., 2002). Most of the plutons of the western zone intrude Albian–Aptian volcanic and volcaniclastic intra–arc assemblages associated with the Alisitos Formation (Gastil et al., 1975; Beggs, 1984; Busby et al., 2006). The eastern zone is characterized by younger I– and S–type plutons related to a Late Cretaceous, eastward–migrating arc (Gromet and Silver, 1987) that intruded Ordovician to Permian continental clastic assemblages, as well as Proterozoic to Permian carbonate–siliciclastic assemblages (Gastil and Miller, 1984; Gastil, 1993). Between the western and eastern zones, a transitional zone has been described in several areas as distinct Triassic(?)–Cretaceous clastic and volcaniclastic flysch–like assemblage of uncertain tectonic origin (Figure 1a; Schmidt et al., 2002).

Intense ductile deformation found in areas like the Sierra San Pedro Mártir and Calamajué (localities SSPM and 5, respectively, in Figure 1a), in the eastern edge of the western zone and within the transitional zone, suggests that the Alisitos arc was accreted along the southwestern North American continental margin ca. 115–108 Ma (Johnson et al., 1999).

Most studies of plutons within the PRB are concentrated between southern California, and the latitude of El Rosario area in Baja California (Figure 1; locality 6). For example, in the El Rosario area, PRB plutons are hosted by the Cretaceous Alisitos Formation (Busby et al., 2006). Few other studies have been conducted south of this region, especially in the El Arco area (Figure 1a, locality 10), which has been recognized as the southernmost exposure of the PRB (Schmidt et al., 2002). In contrast to the geology reported in the El Rosario area, El Arco is a Middle Jurassic porphyry copper deposit (Valencia et al., 2006) emplaced in a primitive oceanic crust environment (Weber and López–Martínez, 2006) that can be correlated with Jurassic magmatic sequences of the Cedros Island and the Vizcaino península (Kimbrough and Moore, 2003; Hickey, 1984; locality 11).

Another important sequence to consider is the Eugenia Formation. This is represented by Late Jurassic–Cretaceous rocks outcropping in the Vizcaíno peninsula and the Cedros Island as well (Hickey, 1984). It has been proposed that this formation was derived from the San Andrés volcano–plutonic complex (Barnes, 1984), which, in turn, is contemporaneous to the flysch–like assemblages of the PRB transitional zone and to the Alisitos Formation.

The study area consists of a plutonic suite that intrudes prebatholithic undifferentiated metamorphic rocks (Figure 1b). However, northwestward from the study area, the prebatholithic rocks consist of volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks of the Early Cretaceous Alisitos Formation, which have been described by Beggs (1984) around the locality of Punta Prieta (Figure 1b). Similarly, volcaniclastic rocks including fragments of fossiliferous limestone crop out about 10 km north of the study area.

In order to define the relationships between plutonic rocks of the southern PRB and contrasted sequences of prebatholithic rocks, we conducted a comprehensive geological study that includes field work, structural, petrological, geochemical and geochronological analyses in the plutonic suite that has been labeled as the Nuevo Rosarito plutonic suite.

GEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND

The Nuevo Rosarito plutonic suite is located between 28.66 °N and 28.59° N, near the Pacific coast of Baja California (Figure 1). It comprises a northern and a southern part, which share the same lithology and field relationships, but have different geometries and their rocks exhibit drastic textural and mineralogical variations. The northern part consist of a 15 km² elliptical body elongated in a NNW–SSE direction, while the southern part consist of a 7 km² circular body with a dome–like shape that includes host rocks screens as large as 150 m² (Figure 2a).

Under the premise that plutons are composite bodies usually assembled by several individual magma pulses (e.g., Coleman et al., 2004; Vigneresse, 2004; Matzel et al., 2006; Kemp et al., 2007; Michel et al., 2008), we identified seven different intrusive units that altogether comprise the Nuevo Rosarito plutonic suite. This suite is dominated by mafic rocks. The older and most widely exposed intrusive unit consists of two–pyroxene gabbro. The gabbro is cut by smaller intrusions of a two–pyroxene diorite (Kd) and a hornblende–pyroxene quartz diorite (Kqd). All these lithologies are intruded, in turn, by younger felsic dikes. Moreover, these dikes can be divided according to field relationships, mineralogy, texture, and geochemical composition into four distinct intrusive units: Kt (hornblende–biotite tonalite), Kg1 (biotite–hornblende tonalite–granodiorite–granite), Kg2 (hornblende–clinopyroxene granite–monzogranite–syenogranite) and Kg3 (biotite granite), in that chronological order.

In the following sections, the lithology and the struc–tural patterns of the northern and southern parts of the Nuevo Rosarito plutonic suite and their host rocks are described. The emplacement conditions are interpreted from petrography and microstructure analyses, whereas igneous processes are elucidated from geochemistry. Furthermore, U–Pb ages of zircons from host rock units are reported here for the first time, together with an age of a hornblende–biotite tonalite from the central part of the plutonic suite.

HOST ROCKS

The host rocks of the Nuevo Rosarito plutonic suite are grouped into five lithologic units (Figure 2a): granitoid rocks (Jt), metamorphosed quartzfeldespatic volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks (Jv), amphibolitic rocks (Jma), hornfels (Kmh), and clastic rocks (Js).

The granitoid rocks (Jt unit) are widely exposed in the southeastern part of the study area. They are medium to coarse–grained rocks that according to their mineralogy vary from tonalite to granodiorite. They also display pro–tomylonitic to mylonitic fabrics and cm–scale aplitic dikes as well as quartz veins. The Jt unit usually contains screens of Jv and Jma rocks that have a nearly vertical attitude and sizes ranging from a few cm up to 600 m long.

In the northern part of the suite, the volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks of the Jv unit are mostly formed by andesitic to dacitic feldspar–rich porphyritic lava flows showing a greenschist facies mineralogy. They are composed of abundant euhedral to subhedral, feldspar phenocrysts (0.5 to 1.5 mm) in a very fine–grained, quartzfeldspatic, biotite>hornblende matrix. The Jv unit includes horizons of flow breccias formed by matrix–supported, cobble–sized fragments of mafic and felsic intrusive rocks, and pro–tomilonitic rocks of andesitic flow breccias and fine–grained volcaniclastics. These protomilonitic rocks are located near the NR24 sample site (Figure 2a). Another feature of the Jv unit from the northern part of the suite is that it is in contact with chloritized coarse–grained hornblende–biotite tonalitic rocks that show schistose to protomylonitic fabrics and that locally contain a few m–thick screens of felsic protomylonites and amphibolites. Here we hypothesize that such tonalitic rocks are part of the widely exposed Jt unit located on the southern part of the suite; however, this idea remains to be tested.

Amphibolitic rocks (Jma; Figure 2a) parallel the foliation of the granitoid unit Jt and crop out as large lens–like screens in the eastern margin of the study area or as isolated rock screens within the gabbroic rocks (Kgb). Their typical mineral assemblage is plagioclase+hornblende+actinolite± biotite±epidote.

Along the western contact with the gabbroic rocks of the northern part of the suite, the host rocks developed a 10 to 100 m–wide contact aureole that is characterized by hornblende–hornfels and pyroxene–hornfels facies (Kmh; Figure 2a). The mineralogy of the hornblende–hornfels is plagioclase+hornblende+clinopyroxene+opaques±quartz in a fine–grained texture. The pyroxene–hornfels, in turn, is formed by an assemblage of plagioclase+orthopyroxene +clinopyroxene+opaques±biotite±hornblende, having a medium to coarse–grained granoblastic texture. A subvertical penetrative schistosity developed on the Jv volcanic rocks and the Kmh hornfels of the northern part of the suite, parallel to the contact aureole, is sometimes destroyed by younger Kg1 and Kg2 felsic bodies.

The intensity of the fabrics and the structural pat–terns of the host rocks of the northern part of the suite are strongly different from those of the southern one. On the one hand, in the northern part of the suite, the host rocks have solid–state fabrics ranging from schistose to protomylonitic. Moreover, average foliation and bedding dips towards the SW (mean 150°/60°W; Figure 3a). In addition to that, the protomylonitic rocks exhibit a well–developed SW–dipping stretching lineation that is oriented towards 228°/58° in average (Figure 3a). On the other hand, in the southern part of the suite, host rock bedding and deformational fabrics are sub–vertical and NNW oriented (mean 342°/83°E; Figure 3b). The Jv volcanic host rocks display intense deformational fabrics, defined by penetrative schistosity and/or asymmetric porphyroclast tails in the lava–like rocks, and by elongated fragments in the volcanic breccias. Furthermore, well–developed stretching lineations in biotite from granitoids, and lineation of quartz exhibited by some volcanics are nearly vertical or dip toward SE (Figure 3b). All those patterns are also present in the host rock screens contained within the gabbroic rocks (which indicates that their deformational fabrics were developed prior to the gab–bro emplacement). Another difference between the northern and southern part of the suite is that the circular geometry of the southern part of the suite locally controls the schistose fabrics of the surrounding host rocks.

THE NUEVO ROSARITO PLUTONIC SUITE

Melanocratic two–pyroxene gabbro (Kgb) show coarse– to medium–grained textures, and commonly exhibits 6 cm to 2 m thick layers defined by granulometric variations of the plagioclase. In the southern part of the suite, the gabbro locally displays cm to m–scale cumulitic layers composed of mm to 2 cm–euhedral plagioclase phenocrysts (Figure 4a). Along the contacts with the host rock screens, the Kgb unit shows magmatic fabrics defined by cm–wide compositional banding. Also, they usually preserve vertical primary fractures oriented towards NW–SE and NE–SW (Figure 3c).

In the northern part of the suite, two–pyroxene diorite (Kd) crop out as bodies of less than 100 meters long and as cm–scale dikes as well. Diorite is cut by abundant amphibole veins of probable hydrothermal origin (dioritic enclave in Figures 4b and 4c). However, in the southern part of the suite, diorite crops out as 2 to 20 m–wide bodies of inter–fingered geometry and with jagged–like contacts (Figure 4d), as well as 3 to 50 cm–thick dikes displaying smoothly curviplanar contacts. The interfingered Kd bodies and dikes are persistently oriented towards NNE throughout the suite (mean 21°/85°SE, Figure 3d).

The geometry of a hornblende–pyroxene quartz diorite (Kqd) that crops out in the central portion of the study area is obscured by the intrusion of younger felsic bodies (Kt, Kg1, Kg2, and Kg3 in Figure 2a). This unit includes subangular enclaves of the two–pyroxene diorite (Kd) suggesting that it postdates Kd. Occasionally, quartz diorites have NW–SE oriented solid–state fabrics indicated by the elongation of amphiboles and cm–scale shear bands.

The gabbro (Kgb), diorite (Kd) and quartz diorite (Kqd) units are intruded by a medium– to coarse–grained, hornblende–biotite tonalitic–granodioritic unit (Kt). This unit crops out in the southwestern portion of the study area as a massive body of approximately 800 m² or like NW–SE oriented dikes in the northern part of the suite. The Kt mas–sive body shows numerous angular to subrounded, cm– to dm–scale dioritic autoliths and enclaves (Figures 4b and 4c), and displays well–preserved vertical magmatic fabrics defined by the alignment of minerals, by local schlieren–type banding, and by the alignment and/or elongation of dioritic enclaves and autoliths (mean 172°/87°W; Figure 3e). In contrast, the Kt dikes exhibit magmatic fabrics delineated by mineral alignment, and overprinted by schistose textures.

The Kg1 unit represents white to light gray, biotite–rich bodies showing sheeted–like geometries or cropping out as single cm– to m–thick dikes following a NW orientation. The sheeted–like Kg1 bodies have porphyritic to granular texture, and display local schistosity paralleling dm–scale Kg2 dikes (Figures 4e and 4f). However, Kg1 dikes exhibit intense solid–state fabrics (Figure 4g) dominated by mylonitic textures (Figures 4h and 4i). They can also contain ductile deformed mafic xenoliths or host rock enclaves oriented subparallel to the foliation.

The Kg2 unit represents pink–colored, hornblende–rich dikes ranging from few decimeters to 1 m in thickness exhibiting internal compositional banding and mm–scale miarolitic cavities. In the northern part of the suite they have sheeted geometries containing cm–scale Kg1 dikes and lenses of mafic rocks, whereas in the southern part they crop out as single dikes.

The mafic rocks in the immediate vicinity of Kg1 and Kg2 units usually display ductile features (Figures 4h and 4i). The internal fabrics of the Kt dikes and the Kg1 bodies are oriented towards NW–SE (Figure 3f), exhibiting stretching lineation dipping SW and NE in average (Figure 3g). In contrast, the Kg2 bodies are mainly oriented SE (Figure 3h), developing a SW directed lineation (Figure 3i). Nine kinematic indicators were obtained from the Kt dikes, and the Kg1 and Kg2 bodies: two from outcrops (as the S–C structures from Figure 4g), and seven from thin sections oriented parallel to the XZ plane. Those kinematic indicators invariably indicate a northeast side up sense of shear.

The last unit in the emplacement sequence is composed of cm to m–thick aplitic dikes of biotite granite (Kg3 unit) that include pegmatite facies concentrated at their margins or along their axial planes. These dikes are mainly NE–SW oriented (Figure 3j).

PETROGRAPHY AND MICROSTRUCTURES OF THE NUEVO ROSARITO INTRUSIVE UNITS

Two–pyroxene gabbro (Kgb)

As shown in the modal classification of Figure 5a, seven of the eleven samples of the gabbroic rocks plot in the gabbronorite field. They display hypidiomorphic textures, showing seriated, euhedral to anhedral labradorite–andesine (40–62 %) typically exhibiting a normal zonation. Orthopyroxene (4–29 %) is coarse–grained, granular to subophitic. Subophitic augite (4–27 %) is medium to coarse–grained. Opaque minerals can reach 12 % of total mineral content. The cumulitic textures of the southern part of the suite are made up by 90–98 % coarse–grained labradorite that can exhibit reaction rims. Additionally, augite commonly exhibits rope–type pigeonite exsolution lamellae and minor inverted pigeonite. Also, plagioclase crystals occasionally have trachytoid textures. At the contacts with the Kd interfingered bodies (Figure 4d), up to 34 % of the Kgb pyroxene content is partially replaced by green–brown hornblende.

At two locations, where deformed gabbro occurs in the immediate vicinity of the felsic dikes, the gabbro is metamorphosed under greenschist (albite+quartz+acti–nolite±biotite±epidote±oligoclase) to amphibolite (sodic plagioclase+hornblende±epidote±clinopyroxene) facies conditions.

Diorite is commonly alliotromorphic granular. Its modal composition is defined by andesine (51–55 %), fine to medium–grained subophitic enstatite (7–25 %), augite (10–13 %), minor brown–poikilitic or green–interstitial hornblende (4–17 %), and opaque minerals (6–12 %).

In the southern part of the suite, dioritic rocks in contact with gabbro commonly contain calcic plagioclase xenocrysts, which composition is highly similar to the gabbroic plagioclase. In addition, the contact between interfingered diorite and gabbro (Figure 4d) is microscopically delineated by the crystalline margins of plagioclase grains from the gabbro (Figure 6a). Both observations define an interlocking texture as described by Hibbard and Waters (1985), suggesting late magmatic fracturing.

Hornblende–pyroxene quartz diorite (Kqd)

Most of the quartz dioritic rocks show seriated medium to coarse–grained, hypidiomorphic and allotriomorphic textures composed of andesine (52–79 %), intergranular quartz showing undulatory extinction (<4 %), subophitic green hornblende with occasional inclusions of augite (13–41 %), reddish brown biotite (3–4 %), and opaque minerals (1–3 %). Few analyzed samples include minor hypersthene grains (<3 %). Numerous plagioclase grains are discontinuously normal zoned and show highly fractured, boxy–like calcic cores with convoluted rims that are indicative of core resorption.

Hornblende–biotite tonalite (Kt)

The massive body of this unit is formed by coarse– to medium–grained, hypidiomorphic rocks, whereas dikes are usually allotriomorphic. This unit is composed of oligoclase (37–62 %) commonly displaying discontinuous normal and oscillatory zonation; potassic feldspar (<12 %) with subophitic texture usually displaying tartan twinning; fine–grained quartz (23–25 %) with incipient chessboard undulatory extinction (Figure 6b); green hornblende (2–15 %) with intergranular fractures; intergranular to intragranular red–brown biotite (up to 14 %) exhibiting misoriented segments or kinking; and opaque minerals (up to 2%). Zircon and apatite occur as accessory minerals. Kt dikes can exhibit incipient S–C structures and myrmekite intergrowth in the potassic feldspar grains.

Biotite–rich tonalite–granodiorite–granite (Kg1)

This unit has compositions ranging from biotite tonalite to potassic feldspar–rich granite (Figure 5b), containing oligoclase (10–49 %), potassic feldspar (10–66 %), quartz (24–40 %), biotite (<16 %), and opaque minerals (<1 %). Zircon, apatite, and tourmaline can also be present as accessory minerales. In the southern part of the suite, this unit also contains hornblende (2–8 %).

The internal fabrics of the Kg1 dikes are mainly mylonitic, defined in the microscale by feldspar, quartz and/or hornblende porphyroclasts wrapped by fine–grained, quartz and biotite–rich folia. The feldspar porphyroclasts display sigmoid shape, and moderate to intensively recrystallized grain margins (Figure 6c). Potassic feldspar porphyroclasts frequently exhibit tartan twinning and/or flame perthites. The quartz porphyroclasts are rounded, displaying undulatory or chessboard extinction. The hornblende porphyroclasts exhibit misoriented segments and boudinage (Figure 6d). Hornblende can also occur as recrystallized aggregates outlining the folia. The texture of the quartz of the folia (anastomose around the deformed porphyroclasts) suggests recrystallization by bulging or subgrain rotation mechanism.

Hornblende–rich granite–monzogranite–syenogranite (Kg2)

The bodies from this unit are fine–grained, allotriomorphic granular, composed of subhedral to anhedral oligoclase displaying mechanical twinning and misoriented segments (21–47 %); anhedral potassic feldspar with tartan twinning and/or replaced by myrmekites (12–63 %); indented to lobular quartz (Figure 6f) with subgrains and undulatory to incipient chessboard extinction (6–43 %); and elongated green hornblende (sometimes boudinaged) paralleling the foliation (1–14 %). They also contain minor anhedral augite or pigeonite (trace–4 %), opaque minerals (trace–8 %), and a relatively high population of accessories (2–5 %), includ–ing apatite, tourmaline, zircon, sphene, rutile, and hematite.

Biotite granite (Kg3)

Dikes from this unit have hypidiomorphic to allot–riomorphic granular textures. Oligoclase (21–45 %) shows normal zoning and mechanical twining; potassic feldspar (26–53 %) is present in perthites and mesophertites with a typical tartan twinning; and anhedral quartz grains (19–26 %) showing consertal textures and undulatory to incipient chessboard extinction. Other minerals present in this unit are intergranular biotite incipiently chloritized (2 %), minor white mica (<1 %), opaque minerals (<1 %), and apatite and zircon as accessory minerals (<1 %). Euhedral to sub–hedral almandine can reach up to 6 % volume content in the northern part of the suite.

WHOLE–ROCK GEOCHEMISTRY

Analytical and initial data handling procedures

Representative samples of all plutonic units, excepting Kqd, were selected to establish their major and trace element composition. Sample locations are shown in Figure 2a, whereas details of field description and petrographic features are summarized in Table 1.

Samples were initially processed at the Geology Department at CICESE using a Braun® iron–jaw crusher and a Bico® disk plate pulverizer to obtain grain sizes less than 1.0 mm. Following, representative aliquots of ~100 gr of rock powder were processed using a Bico® tungsten carbide ring pulverizer and stored in Nalgene® HDPE (high density polyethylene) bottles. Whole–rock major and trace element compositions were determined in ActLabs laboratories, Canada, by 4B or 4Litho analytical codes. Major and trace element compositions under 4Litho code, and major element compositions under 4B code, were determined by a lithium metaborate/tetraborate fusion procedure followed by an ICP–MS method. Trace element compositions under 4B code were determined by: (a) a total digestion procedure followed by ICP–MS analysis (Cu, Mo, Ni, S, Zn), (b) a lithium metaborate/tetraborate fusion procedure followed by ICP–MS analysis (Sr, V, Y, Zr), and (c) an instrumental neutron activation technique (As, Co, Cr, Hf, Rb, Sc, Th, U, La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Eu, Yb, Lu). CIPW norms were calculated considering an anhydrous 100% adjusted basis, with Fe₂O₃/ FeO ratios adjusted according to SiO₂ content (Middlemost, 1989). All computations (anhydrous and iron–oxidation ratio adjustments, and CIPW norm compositions) were automatically done using the SINCLAS software (Verma et al., 2003). Geochemical data were compiled and used to construct several variation and REE chondrite–normalized diagrams. Normalization REE data of chondrite were taken from Haskin et al. (1968) and Nakamura (1974).

As expected, with the exception of alkalis, TiO₂ and P₂O₅, major element compositions decrease with increasing SiO2 (for example MgO; Figure 7a). In contrast, (Na₂O + K₂O) content increases with SiO₂, showing a nearly linear pattern (Figure 7b). Sr also shows a marked decrease with increasing SiO₂ (Figure 7c), whereas Ba, Zr, and LREE display an opposite behavior (for example, Figure 7d). The rest of the trace elements are characterized by a lack of coherent trends in the variation diagrams.

Mafic units

Gabbroic rocks (Kgb; 42.9–47.5 wt % SiO₂) have high alumina (17.2–23.7 wt %) and moderate to high magnesium content (5.6–11.7 wt %). Most of the samples contain nor–mative olivine (1.5–29.6 %) and hypersthene (0.8–13.5 %) with the exception of one sample that yielded normative nepheline (0.8 °%). Gabbroic rocks are characterized by low concentrations of TiO₂ and P₂O₅ compared to the other units (Table 2). Chondrite–normalized REE abundances of the gabbroic rocks (Figure 8a) have 2 to 5 times the chondrite level, display relatively flat patterns (La/Yb_CN 0.5–1.5), and positive–Eu anomaly (Eu/Eu* 0.52). One sample has a negative Ce anomaly (gabbro 40XI08; Table 2), prob–ably related to oxidation and secondary mobility of Ce. As pyroxene of this sample is moderately altered to uralite, particle scavenging hydrothermal activity (e.g., Hongo et al. , 2007) may explain this anomaly.

Dioritic rocks (Kd; 49.3–50.2 wt % SiO₂) also have high alumina (18.2–18.4 wt %), and moderate magnesium content (5.2–5.8 wt %). Their CIPW norm is characterized by low olivine (0.2–1.9 %) and high hypersthene content (21.9–23.9 %). Chondrite–normalized REE abundances of diorite (Figure 8a) have 7 to 17 times the chondrite level. Our available REE data indicate a minor LREE fraction–ation (La/Sm_CN 1.3–1.7), and suggest a positive Eu anomaly (Figure 8a).

According to the Ti/V ratios of gabbro (Kgb; 7.613.3) and diorite (Kd; 16.4 – 20.1), these units plot in the lower limit or within the arc field on the Shervais (1982) Ti–V discrimination diagram (Figure 9).

According to the classification scheme for granitic rocks based in the Fe* vs weight per cent SiO₂ diagram (Fe*=FeO^t/(FeO^t + MgO); Frost et al., 2001), tonalites of the Kt unit (samples NR16 and 12III06) and the Kg1 dike repre–sented by the sample 19VII06 are magnesian. The rest of the felsic samples plot in the ferroan field. Even though, all the felsic units are inside the Cordilleran granites field (Figure 10a). From the MALI diagram (modified alkali–lime index; Frost et al., 2001), Kt and Kg1 units plot in the calcic field, which typify the granitoids of the Cordilleran Mesozoic batholiths. The only exception is sample 41XI08 from Kg2 unit, which is alkaline granite (Figure 10b). In relation to the Shand aluminum saturation index (Al / [Na+K] vs Al / [Ca+Na+K]; Terra Softa, Inc., 2009), both the Kt unit and the Kg1 dike 19VII06 plot within the metaluminous field. The other three samples are peraluminous, whereas granite 41XI08 is located in the border of the metaluminous and the peralkaline fields (Figure 10c).

Chondrite–normalized REE abundances of the Kt unit samples (NR16 and 12III06 in Figure 8b) have about 27 times the chondritic levels (except for La of sample 12III06). The REE pattern of sample NR16 from the massive outcrop displays only slight LREE fractionation (La/SmCN 1.3), a moderate negative Eu anomaly (Eu/Eu* –0.74), and a flat HREE pattern (Figure 8b). The 12III06 Kt dike shows a similar chondrite–normalized REE pattern and higher LREE fractionaiton (La/Sm_CN 2.6) relative to NR16. Available data also suggest a moderate negative Eu anomaly.

Chondrite–normalized REE abundances of the two samples representing the Kg1 unit (12III06 and 19VII06; Figure 8b) are 30 to 45 times the chondritic levels, with a moderate fractionation of LREE (La/Sm_CN 2.4–4.8). In turn, the sample 41XI08 (Figure 8b) has about 30 times the chondritic content, slight fractionation of LREE (La/ Sm_CN 1.6), slight negative Eu anomaly (Eu/Eu* –0.75), and a relative flat HREE pattern (Figure 8b). Finally, the Kg3 unit (samples 64VII07 and 53XI08; Figure 8b) have 10 to 45 times the chondritic content, the highest silica (76.7 wt %) and the lowest magnesium content (0.2–0.3 wt %). In turn, sample 53XI08 shows a highly fractionated LREE (La/Sm_CN 3.9–4.8). It is characterized by the absence of a Eu anomaly, a concave–down shape of their HREE with the lowest value at Dy, and a positive slope in their LREE (Figure 8b).

U–Pb GEOCHRONOLOGY

Analytical procedures

Zircons were separated by standard procedures at the Geology Department, CICESE. Crushed, milled, and sieved samples were processed using a Wilfley® table, a Frantz® isodynamic separator, and heavy liquid techniques using methylene iodide. Finally, inclusions–free crystals were selected by handpicking.

All reported ages are based on the ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U ratios because errors of the ²⁰⁷Pb/²³⁵U and ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb ratios are greater due to the low ²⁰⁷Pb signal of young samples. The ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U ratios were corrected for common lead by using the measured ²⁰⁴Pb assuming an initial Pb composition from Stacey and Kramers (1975) and an uncertainty of 1.0 for ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb.

Weighted average ages were calculated using Isoplot v. 3 (Ludwig, 2003). Systematic errors were propagated separately, and include the age of the standard, calibration correction from standard analyses, composition of common Pb, and U decay constant uncertainties. All age uncertainties are reported at the 2–sigma level (2o). U–Pb geochronological data are presented in Table 3.

Zircon U–Pb results

We analyzed zircons from a hosting granitoid rock of the unit Jt (sample 17XII07; Figure 2), a hosting volcanic breccia of the Jv unit (sample NR24), and a tonalite from the Kt massive body (sample NR16). Measurements were made at the center and tips of the zircon crystals. Zircons from all three samples are colorless, and have a well–developed prism {110} and pyramid {101} forms. They also have U/ Th <3 indicating a magmatic origin (Rubatto, 2002).

Zircons from the plutonic rocks (17XII07 and NR16) are dominantly prismatic (length–to–width ratio between 2 and 4). Separated grain sizes vary from 100 to 450 um. Thirty one zircon grains from sample 17XII07 were measured, yielding a weighted ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U age of 151.6 ± 2.6 Ma (2o, including systematic error; Figure 11a). Thirty two laser spots were measured on zircons from sample NR16. They yield a weighted ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U age of 108.4 ± 2.2 Ma (2o, including systematic error; Figure 11b). Zircon crystals from sample NR24 are long prismatic (l/w of 6 to12), ranging from 550 to 120 um in size. Twenty six laser spots on zircons from sample NR24 yield a weighted ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U age of 139.5 ± 2.0 Ma (2o, including systematic error; Figure 11c). In one grain of the last sample an inherited zircon core with a ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U age of 152.7 ± 1.5 Ma (1o analytical uncertainty) was detected.

DISCUSSION

The host rocks of the Nuevo Rosarito plutonic suite are dominated by volcanic units and granitoid rocks. The granitoids have minor screens of volcanics, amphibolite and clastic sedimentary rocks. Accordingly, we assume that the Nuevo Rosarito plutonic suite was emplaced into a volcano–plutonic assemblage.

In the southern part of the suite, the 151.6 ± 2.6 Ma U–Pb age obtained from the granitoid Jt unit makes this plutonic sequence contemporaneous to the San Andrés volcano–plutonic complex (locality 11; Figure 1a), whose U–Pb zircon ages vary between 134.5 and 155.6 Ma (Kimbrough and Moore, 2003). In the northern part of the suite, the dated sample NR24 from a volcanic breccia deposit yield an U–Pb zircon age of 139.5 ± 2.0 Ma, which is also contemporaneous to the San Andrés volcano–plutonic complex and to the volcanogenic deposits from the Eugenia formation. The orientations of the fabrics of all host rock units (including the screens within the gabbroic rocks) are persistent at the regional scale, except for the outcrops close to the margins of the southern part of the suite, where fabrics have a tendency to outline its circular geometry. Such tendency indicates that ductile deformation and overturning of the structures occurred before the emplacement of the gabbro.

Mafic units (Kgb, Kd, Kqd)

The absence of olivine and the presence of orthopyrox–ene in the gabbroic (Kgb) and dioritic (Kd) rocks allow us to compare the mafic units with the amphibole–orthopyroxene subseries of the gabbroic rocks of the Peninsular Ranges batholith in southern California (Walawender and Smith, 1980). The Kgb rocks have alumina concentrations in the range of 17.2 to 23.7% (Table 2), exceeding the normal content for sub–alkaline gabbroic rocks (Cox et al., 1979). Such high alumina content is a typical composition of high–alumina arc basalts (17–22 wt %; e.g., Fournelle and Marsh, 1991), which is the dominant rock type in most island arc settings (e.g., Wilson, 1989). As observed elsewhere (Fournelle and Marsh, 1991; Tate et al., 1999), positive Eu anomaly (Figure 8a) is associated with the presence of the plagioclase cumulates from the southern part of the suite (Figure 4a).

The Kd interfingered bodies (Figure 4d) exhibit at the microscopic and hand specimen scales a clear interlock–ing texture (Figure 6a). According to Hibbard and Waters (1985), such texture suggests magmatic fracturing with presence of intergranular melt that, in this case, is dioritic. Non–fractured fragments of gabbro included within diorite dikes support a late stage magmatic fracturing with a minor presence of intergranular dioritic melt compared with the interfingered bodies. Both the Kd interfingered bodies and Kd dikes do not have chilled margins, suggesting a small temperature contrast between the dioritic melt and the hosting gabbro. As a result, the textural variation in the Kd dikes and the fact that diorite is enclosed by the gabbro also suggest that dioritic melt was segregated from a gabbroic mush. This interpretation is supported by the following geochemical data: (a) the MgO and alkalis contents of the two diorite samples (18VII06 and 14III06) are similar to the lowest compositional values of the same oxides of the gabbroic rocks (Figures 7a and 7b); (b) dioritic and gabbroic rocks have comparable REE patterns with positive Eu anomalies (Figure 8a); (c) diorite has higher REE abundances and higher incompatible element concentrations (e.g. Ba, Y, Zr, Hf, La, Ce; Table 2) than gabbro.

Decades of observations of intrusive geometries have shown that the alignment of magmatic bodies is the product of (a) melt channelizing through preexisting fabric anisotropies (e.g., Sawyer, 2001) or (b) melt migration along extensional fractures or dilatant structures generated by active stress regimes (e.g., Anderson, 1938, 1951; D'Lemos et al., 1992; Brown and Solar, 1998; Barros et al., 2001; Geshi, 2001). In accordance with previous studies, we favor the generation of extensional structures oriented NNE–SSW in a progressively crystallizing gabbroic mass as the mechanism responsible for the dioritic emplacement because (a) it is unexpected for a progressively crystallizing magmatic body to hold any preexisting anisotropy; (b) the Kd interfingered bodies and Kd dikes have a persistent orientation within the gabbro (Figure 3d); (c) the vertical geometry of the dioritic bodies suggest a vertical direction of the maximum main stress; and (d) the lack of field evidence for any transpressional or transtensional deformation to produce dilatant structures (e.g., en–echelon structures, structures with systematic orientation variation, etc.) during the diorite emplacement.

This proposal may be regionally reconciled with the numerous mafic dikes oriented NNE–SSW reported by Busby et al. (2006) near El Rosario (Figure 1a; locality 6), which were interpreted by these authors from field observations and U–Pb in zircon data as syn–volcanic faults generated under an extensional regime at ca. 111 Ma.

Felsic units (Kt, Kg1, Kg2 and Kg3)

The geochemistry of the felsic units of the Nuevo Rosarito plutonic suite (Figures 10a and 10b) is consistent with the composition of the Cordilleran batholiths reported by Frost et al. (2001), except for the Kg2 dike, which shows anomalously high alkalis (sample 41XI08; Figure 10b). Nevertheless, chondrite–normalized REE patterns of this sample, as well as those of the rest of the felsic units, are consistent with those reported by Gromet and Silver (1987) for the western zone of the Peninsular Ranges batholith. Also, the Sr content, and the Sm/Dy and Sr/Y ratios of all the felsic units can be compared with those reported by Gromet and Silver (1987) and Tulloch and Kimbrough (2003) for the western zone batholith.

Syn–emplacement deformation

The conspicuous intense solid–state fabrics exhibited by the Kt dikes and the Kg1 and Kg2 bodies at the mesoscale (Figures 4e), and the ductile deformation that the gabbro usually shows in the vicinity of the felsic dikes (Figures 4h and 4i), strongly suggest that the ductile deformation in these units was simultaneous to their emplacement. Evidence of syn–emplacement deformation is also found at the microscale through the submagmatic fractures (Bouchez et al., 1992; Park and Means, 1996) observed within the feldspar grains of many Kt and Kg1 unit samples, as well as the fusion contact microstructure observed in feldspars. Other evidences are the common high–temperature and solid–state microstructures (Vernon, 2000) observed as chessboard extinction in quartz (Mainprice et al., 1986), flame perthites in potassic feldspar (Vernon, 1999), and boudinage in hornblende (Hacker and Christie, 1990).

These mesoscale and microscale observations imply that the Kt dikes and the Kg1 and Kg2 units experienced a transition from magmatic, melt–supported flow to solid–state, grain–supported flow prior to their complete crystallization (submagmatic flow; Paterson et al., 1998; Vernon, 2004). Such submagmatic flow, in addition to their persistent NW–SE orientation and NE–SW–directed lineation (Figures 3g and 3i), further suggests that those felsic units were more or less coeval, and linked together under a single deformational event.

Field observations indicate that the generation of the felsic units started with the emplacement of the Kt unit. In contrast to the Kt dikes which display intense internal fabrics, the Kt massive body exhibits clear magmatic fabrics in the mesoscale (Figures 4b and 4c) and different structural patterns (compare Figure 3e with Figures 3f and 3h). Thus, because deformation is particularly well recorded in the Kt dikes, and in the Kg1 and Kg2 bodies as well, we propose that the emplacement of the 108.4 ± 2.2 Ma old Kt massive body marks the beginning of increasing strain rates, and therefore the initiation of the NE–side up deformational event.

The time interval and shear sense of the deformational event reported here is comparable to the intense ductile deformation that, according to Johnson et al. (1999) and Alsleben et al. (2008), mainly occurred between ca. 115 and 108 Ma in Sierra San Pedro Mártir (Figure 1a; locality SSPM), and between ca. 115 and 95 Ma in Calamajué (Figure 1a; locality 5), respectively.

The emplacement of the Kg3 dikes was the last intrusive event. These dikes have distinct orientations relative to the Kt dikes and the Kg1 and Kg2 bodies (compare Figure 3j with Figures 3f and 3h), distinct REE patterns (Figure 8b), and less intense solid–state microstructures relative to the Kg1 unit. These observations suggest that the emplacement of the Kg3 unit may coincide with the decrease of the strain rates and/or the presence of a different stress regime.

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

The 139.5 ± 2.0 Ma U–Pb zircon age of the hosting volcanic breccia from the northern part of the suite is contemporaneous with the lower member of the Eugenia Formation located in the Vizcaíno península and the flysh–like assemblages of the PRB transitional zone. In turn, the 151.6 ± 2.6 Ma old granitoid (Jt unit) located in the southern part of the suite is coeval with the San Andrés–Cedros volcano–plutonic. However, north of Punta Prieta (Figure 1b), plutonic rocks of the PRB intrude the Cretaceous Alisitos Formation, which indicates that the Nuevo Rosarito plutonic suite is located near a boundary between the Cretaceous arc, represented by the Alisitos Formation, and a Jurassic arc, represented by a volcano–plutonic sequence that is contemporaneous to the San Andrés complex in the Vizcaíno peninsula.

Nuevo Rosarito has geochemical characteristics similar to the western zone of the Peninsular Ranges batholith. Their intrusive units have a wide compositional range and a emplacement history that is separated into two phases. The first phase is defined by the emplacement of the mafic units, particularly, to the late crystallization of the gabbro and its fracturation under an extensional stress regime.

We propose that this promoted a local pressure contrast that drew the gabbroic residual melt to produce the NNE–oriented diorite bodies. The second phase is defined by the emplacement of the felsic units, particularly when a NE–side up deformational event occurred just after the emplacement of the 108.4 Ma old Kt massive body. This event was mainly recorded by the Kt dikes and the Kg1 and Kg2 bodies. The emplacement of the Kg3 dikes would indicate the end of the deformational event.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This paper was benefited from several discussions with colleagues at CICESE, including J. Fletcher, F. Suárez, A. Martín–Barajas, and O. Terán. We thank P. Montecinos, J. Estrada, G. Villalobos, and J. Contreras for comments on an early draft of the paper, Gabriel Rendón, Víctor Pérez, Susana Rosas, and Luis Gradilla for their technical support, and Emmanuelle Frery, Doris Piñeiro, Román Manjarrez, Porfirio Avilez and Patricia Juárez for joining us during fieldwork. Also thanks to Joaquin Ruiz and George Gehrels for allowing us the use of the LA–ICP–MS facilities at the Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona at Tucson, and to Felipe Escalona for his help during the LA–ICPMS measurements. Financial support was mostly provided by the project CONACyT 45817 granted to Luis Delgado, and by PAICYT–UANL CT131–09 granted to Fernando Velasco.

REFERENCES

Alsleben, H., Wetmore, P.H., Schmidt, K.L., Paterson, S.R., Melis, E.A., 2008, Complex deformation during arc continent collision: Quantifying finite strain in the accreted Alisitos arc, Peninsular Ranges batholith, Baja California: Journal of Structural Geology, 30, 220–236.         [ Links ]

Anderson, E.M., 1938, The dynamics of sheet intrusion: Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 58, 242–251.         [ Links ]

Anderson, E.M., 1951, The dynamics of faulting: Edinburgh, Oliver and Boyd, 206 pp.         [ Links ]

Barnes, D.A., 1984, Volcanic arc derived, Mesozoic sedimentary rocks, Vizcaino Peninsula, Baja California Sur, Mexico, in V.A. Frizzell (ed.), Geology of the Baja California Peninsula: Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Pacific Section, 39, 119–130.         [ Links ]

Barros, C.E.M., Barbey, P., Boullier, A.M., 2001, Role of magma pressure, tectonic stress and crystallization progress in the emplacement of the syntectonic A–type Estrela Granite Complex (Carajás Mineral Province, Brazil): Tectonophysics, 343, 93–109.         [ Links ]

Bea, F., 1996, Residence of REE, Y, Th and U in Granites and Crustal Protoliths; Implications for the Chemistry of Crustal Melts: Journal of Petrology, 37, 521–552.         [ Links ]

Beggs, J.M., 1984, Volcaniclastic rocks of the Alisitos Group, Baja California, Mexico, in Frizzell Jr., V.A. (ed.), Geology of the Baja California Peninsula: Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Pacific Section, Field Trip Guidebook, book 39, 1–7.         [ Links ]

Bouchez, J.L., Delas, C., Gleizes, G., Nédélec, A., Cuney, M., 1992, Submagmatic microfractures in granites: Geology, 20, 35–38.         [ Links ]

Boullier, A.M., Bouchez, J.L., 1978, Le quartz en rubans dans les mylonites: Bulletin de la Société Geologique de France, 7(XX), 253–262.         [ Links ]

Brown, M., Solar, G.S., 1998, Granite ascent and emplacement during contractional deformation in convergent orogens: Journal of Structural Geology, 20(9/10), 1365–1393.         [ Links ]

Busby, C.J., Fackler A.B., Mattinson, J., De Oreo, S., 2006, View of an intact oceanic arc, from surficial to mesozonal levels: Cretaceous Alisitos Arc, Baja California, Mexico: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 149, 1–46.         [ Links ]

Camarena–García, M.A., 2006, Análisis morfológico y estructural de los complejos plutónicos de Baja California Central a través de las técnicas de percepción remota: Ensenada, México, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Estudios Superiores de Ensenada (CICESE), tesis de maestría, 112 pp.         [ Links ]

Coleman, D.S., Gray, W., Glazner, A.F., 2004, Rethinking the emplacement and evolution of zoned plutons: Geochronologic evidence for incremental assembly of the Tuolumne Intrusive Suite, California: Geology, 32, 433–436.         [ Links ]

Comisión de Estudios del Territorio Nacional (CETENAL), 1977, Mapa geológico Rosarito H11D69, escala 1:50000: México, D.F., Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática (INEGI), 1 mapa.         [ Links ]

Cox, K.G., Bell, J.D., Pankhurst, R.J., 1979, The Interpretation of Igneous Rocks, George Allen and Unwin, 450 pp.         [ Links ]

Delgado–Argote, L.A., 2000, Evolución Tectónica y Magmatismo Neógeno de la Margen Oriental de Baja California Central: México, D.F., Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), tesis doctoral, 194 pp.         [ Links ]

DePaolo, D.J., 1981, A Neodymium and Strontium Isotopic Study of the Mesozoic Calc–Alkaline Granitic Batholiths of the Sierra Nevada and Peninsular Ranges, California: Journal of Geophysical Research, 86, 10470–10488.         [ Links ]

D'Lemos, R.S., Brown, M., Strachan, R.A., 1992, Granite magma generation, ascent and emplacement within a transpressional orogen: Journal of Geological Society, 149, 487–490.         [ Links ]

Fournelle, J., Marsh, B.D., 1991, Shishaldin Volcano: Aleutian high–alumina basalts and the question of plagioclase accumulation: Geology, 19, 234–237.         [ Links ]

Frost, B.R., Barnes, C.G., Collins, W.J., Arculus, R.J., Ellis, D.J., Frost, C.D., 2001, A geochemical classification for granitic rocks: Journal of Petrology, 42, 2033–2048.         [ Links ]

Gastil, R.G., 1993, Prebatholithic history of peninsular California, in Gastil, R.G., and Miller, R.H. (eds.), The prebatholithic stratigraphy of peninsular California: Boulder, Colorado, Geological Society of America Special Paper 279, 145–156.         [ Links ]

Gastil, R.G., Miller, R.H., 1984, Prebatholithic paleogeography of peninsular California and adjacent Mexico, in Frizzel, V.A. (ed.), Geology of the Baja California peninsula: Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Pacific Section, 9–16.         [ Links ]

Gastil, R.G., Phillips, R.P., Allison, E.C., 1975, Reconnaissance geology of the State of Baja California: Geological Society of America Memoir 140, 170.         [ Links ]

Gastil, R.G., Diamond, C.K., Walawender, M.J., Marshal, M., Boyles, C., Chadwick, B., 1990, The problem of the magnetite/ilmenite boundary in southern and Baja California, in Anderson, J.L. (ed.), The Nature and Origin of Cordilleran Magmatism: Boulder, Colorado, Geological Society of America Memoir 174, 19–32.         [ Links ]

Gastil, R.G., Kimbrough, J., Shimizu, M., Tainosho, Y., 1994, Origin of the magnetite boundary in the Peninsular Ranges batholith, Southern California, U.S.A., and Baja California, México: Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas, 11(2), 157–167.         [ Links ]

Gehrels, G., Valencia, V., Pullen, A., 2006, Detrital Zircon Geochronology by Laser Ablation Multicollector ICPMS at the Arizona LaserChron Center, in Olszewski, T. (ed.), Geochronology: Emerging Opportunities: Paleontology Society Papers, 12, 67–76.         [ Links ]

Gehrels, G., Valencia, V., Ruiz, J., 2008, Enhanced precision, accuracy, efficiency, and spatial resolution of U–Pb ages by laser ablation–multicollector–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry: Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems, 9, Q03017.         [ Links ]

Geshi, N., 2001, Melt segregation by localized shear deformation and fracturing during crystallization of magma in shallow intrusions of the Otoge volcanic complex, central Japan: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 106, 285–300.         [ Links ]

Gromet, L.P., Silver, L.T., 1987, REE variations across the Peninsular Ranges batholith: Implications for batholithic petrogenesis and crustal growth in magmatic arcs: Journal of Petrology, 28, 77–125.         [ Links ]

Hacker, B.R., Christie, J.M., 1990, Brittle/ductile and plastic/cataclastic transitions in experimentally deformed and metamorphosed amphibolites: American Geophysical Union Monograph 56, 127–147.         [ Links ]

Haskin, L., Haskin, M., Frey, F., Wildeman, T., 1968, Relative and absolute terrestrial abundances of the rare earths, in Ahrens L. (ed.), Origin and Distribution of the Elements: Oxford, Pergamon Press, 889–912.         [ Links ]

Hibbard, M.J., Waters, R.J., 1985, Fracturing and diking in incompletely crystallized granitic plutons: Lithos, 18, 1–12.         [ Links ]

Hickey, J., 1984, Stratigraphy and composition of a Jura–Cretaceous volcanic arc apron, Punta Eugenia, Baja California Sur, Mexico, in Frizzell, V.A.,Jr., (ed.), Geology of the Baja California peninsula: Field Trip Guidebook–Pacific Section: Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Pacific Section, 39, 149–160.         [ Links ]

Hongo, Y., Obata, H., Gamo, T., Nakaseama, M., Ishibashi, J., Konno, U., Saegusa, S., Ohkubo, S., Tsunogai, U., 2007. Rare Earth Elements in the hydrothermal system at Okinawa Trough back–arc basin: Geochemical Journal, 41, 1–15.         [ Links ]

Johnson, S.E., Tate, M.C., Fanning, C.M., 1999, New geological and SHRIMP U–Pb zircon data in the Peninsular Ranges batholith, Baja California, México: Evidence for a suture?: Geology, 27, 743–746.         [ Links ]

Johnson, S.E., Schmidt, K.L., Tate, M.C., 2002, Ring complexes in the Peninsular Ranges Batholith, Baja California, México and southern California, USA: middle– to upper–crustal magma plumbing systems: Lithos, 61, 187–208.         [ Links ]

Kemp, A.I.S., Hawkesworth, C.J., Foster, G.L., Paterson, B.A., Woodhead, J.D., Hergt, J.M., Gray, C.M., Whitehouse, M.J. 2007, Magmatic and crustal differentiation history of granitic rocks from Hf–O isotopes in zircon: Science, 315, 980–983.         [ Links ]

Kimbrough, D.L., Moore, T.E., 2003, Ophiolite and volcanic arc assemblages on the Vizcaino Peninsula and Cedros Island, Baja California Sur, Mexico: Mesozoic forearc lithosphere of the Cordilleran magmatic arc, in Johnson, S.E., Paterson, S.R., Fletcher, J., Girty, G.H., Kimbrough, D.L., Martín–Barajas, A. (eds.), Tectonic evolution of northwestern Mexico and the southwestern USA: Geological Society of America Special Paper 374. 43–72.         [ Links ]

Ludwig, K.J., 2003. Isoplot ver. 3.00: Berkeley, Berkeley Geochronology Center, Special Publication 4, 70 pp.         [ Links ]

Mainprice, D., Bouchez, J.L., Blumenfeld, P., Tubia, J.M., 1986, Dominant c slip in naturally deformed quartz: implications for dramatic plastic softening at high temperature: Geology, 14, 819–822.         [ Links ]

Martín–Barajas, A., Delgado–Argote, L.A., 1996, Monografía Geológico Minera de Baja California: Baja California, México, Secretaría de Desarrollo Económico, 107 pp.         [ Links ]

Matzel, J.E.P., Bowring, S.A., Miller, R.B., 2006, Time scales of pluton construction at differing crustal levels: Examples from the Mount Stuart and Tenpeak intrusions, North Cascades, Washington: Geological Society of America Bulletin, 118, 1412–1430.         [ Links ]

Michel, J., Baumgartner, L., Putlitz, B., Schaltegger, U., Ovtcharova, M., 2008, Incremental growth of the Patagonian Torres del Paine laccolith over 90 k.y.: Geology, 36, 459–462.         [ Links ]

Middlemost, E.A.K., 1989, Iron oxidation ratios, norms and the classification of volcanic rocks: Chemical Geology, 77, 19–26.         [ Links ]

Nakamura, N., 1974, Determination of REE, Ba, Fe, Mg, Na and K in carbonaceous and ordinary chondrites: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 38, 757–775.         [ Links ]

Park, Y., Means D., 1996, Direct observation of deformation processes in crystal mushes: Journal of Structural Geology, 18, 847–858.         [ Links ]

Paterson, S.R., Fowler Jr., T.K., Schmidt, K.L., Yoshinobu, A.S., Yuan, E.S., Miller, R.B., 1998, Interpreting magmatic fabric patterns in plutons: Lithos, 44, 53–82.         [ Links ]

Rubatto, D., 2002, Zircon trace element geochemistry: partitioning with garnet and the link between U–Pb ages and metamorphism: Chemical Geology, 184, 123–138.         [ Links ]

Sawyer, E.W., 2001, Melt segregation in the continental crust: Distribution and movement of melt in anatectic rocks: Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 19, 291–309.         [ Links ]

Schmidt, K.L., Wetmore, P.H., Johnson, S.E., Paterson, S.R., 2002, Controls on orogenesis along an ocean–continent margin transition in the Jura–Cretaceous Peninsular Ranges batholith, in Barth, A. (ed.), Contributions to Crustal Evolution of the Southwestern United States: Boulder, Colorado, Geological Society of America Special Paper 365, 49–71.         [ Links ]

Shervais, J.W., 1982, Ti–V plots and the petrogenesis of modern and ophiolitic lavas: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 59, 101–118.         [ Links ]

Silver, L.T., Chappell, B., 1988, The Peninsular Ranges batholith: An insight into the Cordilleran batholiths of southwestern North America: Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Earth Sciences, 79, 105–121.         [ Links ]

Stacey, J.S.K., Kramers, J.D., 1975, Approximation of terrestrial lead isotope evolution by a two–stage model: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 26, 207–221.         [ Links ]

Streckeisen, A.L., 1976, To each plutonic rock its proper name: Earth Science Reviews, 12, 1–33.         [ Links ]

Tate, M.C., Norman, D.C., Johnson, S.E., Fanning, C.M., Anderson, J.L., 1999, Generation of Tonalite and Trondhjemite by Subvolcanic Fractionation and Partial Melting in the Zarza Intrusive Complex, Western Peninsular Ranges Batholith, Northwestern Mexico: Journal of Petrology, 40, 983–1010.         [ Links ]

Terra Softa, Inc., 2009, IGPET for Windows, Manual, 49 pp.         [ Links ]

Todd, V.R., Shaw, S.E., 1985, S–type granitoids and an I–S line in the Peninsular Ranges batholith, southern California, Geology, 13, 231–233.         [ Links ]

Tulloch, A.J., Kimbrough, D.L., 2003, Paired plutonic belts in convergent margins and the development of high Sr/Y magmatism: Peninsular Ranges batholith of Baja–California and Median batholith of New Zealand, in Johnson, S.E., Paterson, S.R., Fletcher, J., Girty, G.H., Kimbrough, D.L., Martín–Barajas, A. (eds.), Tectonic Evolution of Northwestern Mexico and the Southwestern USA: Geological Society of America Special Paper 374, 275–295.         [ Links ]

Valencia, V. A., Barra F., Weber B., Ruiz J., Geherls G., Chesley J., Lopez Martinez M. 2006, Re–Os and U–Pb geochronology of the El Arco Porphyry copper deposit, Baja California Mexico: Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 22, 39–51.         [ Links ]

Verma, S.P., Torres–Alvarado, I.S., Velasco–Tapia, F., 2003, A revised CIPW norm: Schweizerische Mineralogische und Petrographische (Swiss Bulletin of Mineralogy and Petrology), 83, 197–216.         [ Links ]

Vernon, R.H. 1999, Flame perthite in metapelitic gneisses in the Cooma Complex, SE Australia: American Mineralogist, 84, 1760–1765.         [ Links ]

Vernon, R.H., 2000, Review of microstructural evidence of magmatic and solid–state flow: Electronic Geosciences, 5, 2.         [ Links ]

Vernon, R.H., 2004, A Practical Guide to Rock Microstructure: Cambridge University Press, 594 pp.         [ Links ]

Vigneresse, J.L., 2004, A new paradigm for granite generation: Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 95, 11–22.         [ Links ]

Walawender, M.J., Smith, T.E., 1980, Geochemical and petrologic evolution of the basic plutons of the Peninsular Ranges batholith, southern California: Journal of Geology, 88, 233–242.         [ Links ]

Walawender, M.J., Gastil, R.G., Clinkenbeard, W.V., McCormick, W.V., Eastman, B.G.,Wernicke, M.S.,Wardlaw, M.S., Gunn, S.H., Smith, B.M., 1990, Origin and evolution of the zoned La Posta–type plutons, eastern Peninsular Ranges batholith, southern and Baja California, in Anderson, J.L. (ed.), The Nature and Origin of Cordilleran Magmatism: Boulder, Colorado, Geological Society of America Memoir 174, 1–18.         [ Links ]

Weber B., Lopez Martinez M., 2006, Pb, Sr, and Nd isotopic and chemical evidence for a primitive island arc emplacement of the El Arco porphyry copper deposit (Baja California, Mexico): Mineralium Deposita, 40, 707–725.         [ Links ]

Wilson, M., 1989, Igneous Petrogenesis: A global tectonic approach: London, Chapman & Hall, 466 pp.         [ Links ]