<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0484-7903</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista mexicana de anestesiología]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. mex. anestesiol.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0484-7903</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Colegio Mexicano de Anestesiología A.C.]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0484-79032025000300153</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.35366/120420</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Simulación en Anestesiología y el estado anestésico]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Simulation in Anesthesiology and the anesthetic state]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guerrero-Gutiérrez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Manuel Alberto]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nepomuceno-Severiano]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Yael]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Muñoz-García]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Genaro]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martínez-Segura]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ramón Tomás]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guevara-Luna]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Omar]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Posadas-Casas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Cristina]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gómez-Ramírez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Martha Itzhel]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Serrano-Tamayo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ricardo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cruz-Bracamontes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Christian Francisco de la]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martínez-Arellano]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Rosalina]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Calixto-Flores]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Arnulfo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Centro Médico Bariátrico de Tijuana Departamento de Anestesiología Bariátrica y Medicina Crítica ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Tijuana ]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Centro Médico Nacional «Siglo XXI» Departamento de Anestesiología y Anestesia y Medicina Perioperatoria en Geriatría ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Ciudad de México ]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,ISSSTE Hospital Regional «Gral. Ignacio Zaragoza» Departamento de Anestesiología]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Ciudad de México ]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,Grupo TIVA México  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Ciudad de México ]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af5">
<institution><![CDATA[,Centro Médico Nacional «La Raza» (CMN-LR) Hospital General Departamento de Anestesiología Pediátrica]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Ciudad de México ]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af6">
<institution><![CDATA[,CMN-LR Hospital de Especialidades «Antonio Fraga Mouret» Departamento de Anestesiología]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Ciudad de México ]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af7">
<institution><![CDATA[,ISSSTE Centro Médico Nacional 20 de noviembre ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Ciudad de México ]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af8">
<institution><![CDATA[,Colegio Mexicano de Anestesiología (CMA)  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af9">
<institution><![CDATA[,Centro Médico Nacional «Siglo XXI» Departamento de Anestesiología y Unidad de Trasplantes ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Ciudad de México ]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>48</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<fpage>153</fpage>
<lpage>158</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0484-79032025000300153&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0484-79032025000300153&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0484-79032025000300153&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen: La simulación en anestesiología es una herramienta educativa clave que permite adquirir destrezas técnicas y no técnicas, esenciales para la seguridad del paciente y la calidad asistencial. Según el nivel de realismo, la simulación se clasifica en baja, mediana y alta fidelidad. Simulación de baja fidelidad: utiliza modelos anatómicos básicos, maniquíes simples o simuladores parciales diseñados para tareas específicas (por ejemplo, modelos de brazos para canalización intravenosa, intubación orotraqueal en modelos estáticos); se enfoca principalmente en destrezas motoras básicas y es ideal para estudiantes en etapas iniciales de formación. Simulación de mediana fidelidad: incluye maniquíes que simulan algunas funciones fisiológicas (por ejemplo, sonidos cardíacos, pulmonares, pulso palpable) y permiten situaciones clínicas más realistas, pero sin respuestas fisiológicas completas; se utilizan para practicar situaciones clínicas específicas, manejo de escenarios habituales, trabajo en equipo, y comunicación efectiva en situaciones controladas. Simulación de alta fidelidad: representa el más alto nivel de realismo, utilizando maniquíes avanzados con respuesta fisiológica dinámica y monitoreo en tiempo real (presión arterial, electrocardiograma, saturación de oxígeno, capnografía, etcétera). Estos simuladores permiten reproducir situaciones críticas, emergencias anestésicas complejas, manejo avanzado de crisis, y toma de decisiones clínicas en un entorno seguro y controlado. Son fundamentales para formación avanzada, educación continua, evaluación de competencias y entrenamiento interdisciplinario. Con estos simuladores ha sido posible recrear situaciones para poder llevar a cabo escenarios de anestesia total intravenosa y, a su vez, de profundidad del estado anestésico.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract: Simulation in anesthesiology is a key educational tool that allows the acquisition of technical and non-technical skills essential for patient safety and quality of care. Simulations are classified according to the level of realism as low, medium, and high fidelity. Low-fidelity simulation uses basic anatomical models, simple mannequins, or partial simulators designed for specific tasks (e.g., arm models for intravenous cannulation, orotracheal intubation on static models). It focuses primarily on basic motor skills and is ideal for students in their initial training stages. Medium-fidelity simulation includes mannequins that simulate some physiological functions (e.g., heart sounds, lung sounds, palpable pulse) and allow for more realistic clinical situations without full physiological responses. They are used to practice specific clinical situations, manage common scenarios, work well with a team, and communicate effectively in controlled settings. High-fidelity simulation: Represents the highest level of realism, using advanced mannequins with dynamic physiological response and real-time monitoring (blood pressure, ECG, oxygen saturation, capnography, etc.). These simulators allow the reproduction of critical situations, complex anesthetic emergencies, advanced crisis management, and clinical decision-making in a safe and controlled environment. They are essential for advanced training, continuing education, competency assessment, and interdisciplinary training. With these simulators he has been able to recreate situations to be able to carry out scenarios of total intravenous anesthesia and in turn of depth of the anesthetic state.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[simulación]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[anestesiología]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[alta fidelidad]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[tecnologías educativas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[simulation]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[anesthesiology]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[high fidelity]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[educational technologies]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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