<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0301-7036</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Problemas del desarrollo]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Prob. Des]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0301-7036</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Investigaciones Económicas]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0301-70362021000200027</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22201/iiec.20078951e.2021.205.69620</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Productividad laboral y salario real: relaciones de causalidad en venezuela]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Labor productivity and real wage: causal relationships in Venezuela]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Leonardo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Juan Andrés]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales Departamento de Desarrollo, Ambiente y Territorio ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Ecuador</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Venanalytics Economic Research Unit ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Venezuela</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>52</volume>
<numero>205</numero>
<fpage>27</fpage>
<lpage>53</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0301-70362021000200027&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0301-70362021000200027&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0301-70362021000200027&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen Para la disciplina económica no ha sido fácil encontrar una relación de causalidad clara o bien establecida entre la productividad laboral y el salario real, pese a la estrecha relación estadística y los comovimientos que varios estudios reportan. Las implicaciones de política pueden ser muy diferentes dependiendo del nexo causal que exista entre ambas variables. Usando pruebas de causalidad de Granger convencionales y pruebas de causalidad en ambiente de cointegración, tanto con datos anuales, como con datos trimestrales para Venezuela, este trabajo presenta evidencia que muestra, en contraste con el enfoque ortodoxo, que la causalidad estadística va de los salarios reales hacia la productividad laboral.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract The discipline of economics has struggled to find a clear or well-established causal relationship between labor productivity and the real wage, despite the close statistical relationship and comovements that several studies report. The policy implications vary drastically depending on what causal link may exist between the two variables. Using conventional Granger causality tests and causality tests in a cointegration environment, with both annual and quarterly data for Venezuela, this article presents evidence showing that statistical causality runs from real wages to labor productivity, a finding which contrasts the orthodox thinking on the subject.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Venezuela]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[productividad laboral]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[salarios]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[pruebas de causalidad de Granger]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[C51]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[E24]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[E25]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[J24]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[J31]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[O47]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Venezuela]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[labor productivity]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[wages]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Granger causality tests]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
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