<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0188-8897</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Hidrobiológica]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Hidrobiológica]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0188-8897</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0188-88972020000200155</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24275/uam/izt/dcbs/hidro/2020v30n2/muhammad</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Horizontal transmission of ice-ice disease in seaweed Kappaphycus alvarezii (Doty) L. M. Liao (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta)]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Transmisión horizontal de la enfermedad del hielo en Kappaphycus alvarezii (Doty) L. M. Liao (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta)]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aris]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Muhammad]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Labenua]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Rusmawati]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Khairun of University Fisheries and Marine of Faculty Department of Aquaculture]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Indonesia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Khairun of University Fisheries and Marine of Faculty Departement of Aquatic Resource Management]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Indonesia</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2020</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2020</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>30</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<fpage>155</fpage>
<lpage>161</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0188-88972020000200155&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0188-88972020000200155&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0188-88972020000200155&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[ABSTRACT  Background: Kappaphycus alvarezii seaweed is a major commodity of important economic value fishery cultivation that has been developed in many countries. The demand for K. alvarezii seaweed continues to increase because it produces carrageenan which is commonly used as the main raw material in many industrial activities. However, K. alvarezii seaweed farming is inseparable from several obstacles. In the seaweed culture system, ice-ice disease is a major obstacle because it can harm the cultivation business. Ice-ice disease causes a decrease in seaweed production. Bacteria play a role in the development of ice-ice disease in seaweed cultivation. Aquatic organisms infected with bacteria indirectly cause damage to tissue. The spread of bacterial diseases in aquatic organisms can occur vertically or horizontally.  Goals: This research aims to study the horizontal transmission of ice-ice disease on growth, carrageenan content, and changes in the structure of the K. alvarezii seaweed tissue which were tested in-vivo.  Methods:  This study uses healthy seaweed thalus weighing 35g and seaweed thallus affected by ice-ice weighing 30g (A), 35g (B), 40g (C) and 45g (D).The parameters observed were morphological changes, carrageenan content and tissue changes with histological analysis.  Result: The results of this research indicate that the transmission of ice-ice disease can occur horizontally from thallus affected by ice-ice to healthy thallus. This transmission causes discoloration that shows symptoms of ice-ice attack on healthy seaweed K. alvarezii. This discoloration is accompanied by a decrease in thallus weight. Transmission also causes changes in the structure of the tissue in the form of lysis in the tissue and reduce the content of carrageenan in K. alvarezii seaweed.  Conclusions: Based on this research, it can be concluded that the spread of ice-ice disease in seaweed causes color change, weight loss, changes in tissue structure, and reduce the quality of carrageenan.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[RESUMEN  Antecedentes: Kappaphycus alvarezii es un importante producto en la acuicultura de valor económico en muchos países. La demanda de algas K. alvarezii continúa aumentando porque produce carragenina, que se usa comúnmente como la principal materia prima en muchas actividades industriales. Sin embargo, el cultivo de algas marinas de K. alvarezii es inseparable de varios obstáculos. En el sistema de cultivo de algas marinas, la enfermedad de hielo-hielo una problemática importante porque puede dañar el negocio del cultivo. La enfermedad de hielo-hielo causa una disminución en la producción de algas. Las bacterias juegan un papel en el desarrollo de la enfermedad de hielo-hielo en el cultivo de algas. Los organismos acuáticos infectados con bacterias causan daños indirectos en los tejidos. La propagación de enfermedades bacterianas en organismos acuáticos puede ocurrir vertical u horizontalmente.  Objetivos:  Esta investigación tiene como objetivo estudiar la transmisión horizontal de la enfermedad de hielo-hielo en el crecimiento, el contenido de carragenina y los cambios en la estructura de la red de algas marinas K. alvarezii que se probaron in vivo.  Métodos:  Este estudio utilizó talos de algas sanas que pesaron 35 g y talos de algas marinas afectadas por la enfermedad del hielo-hielo que pesaron 30 g (A), 35 g (B), 40 g (C) y 45 g (D). Los parámetros observados fueron cambios morfológicos, contenido de carragenano y cambios tisulares con análisis histológico.  Resultados: Los resultados de esta investigación indican que la transmisión de la enfermedad de hielo-hielo puede ocurrir horizontalmente desde el talo afectado por el hielo hasta el talo sano. Esta transmisión provoca decoloración y una disminución en el peso del talo. La transmisión también provoca cambios en la estructura del tejido en forma de lisis en la red y reduce el contenido de carragenina en las algas K. alvarezii.  Conclusiones:  Con base en esta investigación, se puede concluir que la propagación de la enfermedad del hielo-hielo en las algas marinas causa cambios de color, pérdida de peso, cambios en la estructura de los tejidos y reducción de la calidad de la carragenina.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Kappaphycus alvarezii]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[ice-ice disease]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[horizontal transmission]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[histology]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[carrageenan content]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Algas rojas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[acuicultura]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[bacterias]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[carragenina]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[histología]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[morfología]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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