<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0188-7653</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Perfiles latinoamericanos]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Perf. latinoam.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0188-7653</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales, Sede Académica de México]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0188-76532025000200057</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18504/pl3366-004-2025</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[El partido político entre la democracia y la dictadura]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[The Political Party between Democracy and Dictatorship]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alexander]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jeffrey C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Yale  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>USA</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>33</volume>
<numero>66</numero>
<fpage>57</fpage>
<lpage>70</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0188-76532025000200057&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0188-76532025000200057&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0188-76532025000200057&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen Como institución reguladora de la esfera civil, el partido político cristaliza la ideología política y organiza a los votantes. Sin embargo, incluso al transformar el sentimiento público en poder estatal democrático, el partido político es vulnerable al giro autoritario. Basándose en la psicología social y la teoría de grupos, este ensayo propone una explicación tendencial de este peligro. Se presentan cuatro tipos ideales de organización de partidos políticos, desde organizaciones poco estructuradas cuya horizontalidad facilita la democracia, hasta estructuras estrechamente organizadas cuya verticalidad facilita el poder autoritario. Estas categorías conceptuales se ilustran empíricamente, basándose en la historia y la actualidad, con especial atención a Estados Unidos.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract As a regulative institution of the civil sphere, the political party crystallizes political ideology and organizes voters. Yet, even as it transforms public sentiment into democratic state power, the political party is vulnerable to authoritarian transformation. Drawing on social psychology and group theory, this essay proposes a tendential explanation for this danger. Four ideal types of political party organization are presented, from loosely structured organizations whose horizontality facilitates democracy to tightly organized structures whose verticality facilitates authoritarian power. These conceptual categories are illustrated empirically, drawing from historical and contemporary times, with a special focus on the United States.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[partido político]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[esfera civil]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[autoritarismo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[democracia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Estados Unidos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[political party]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[civil sphere]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[authoritarianism]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[democracy]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[United States]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alexander]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Office obligation as civil virtue: The crisis of American democracy, November 3, 2020-January 6, 2021, and after]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Society]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<volume>60</volume>
<page-range>651-69</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alexander]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The performance of power: Obama&#8217;s victory and the democratic struggle for power]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Oxford University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alexander]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Iconic Consciousness: The Material Feeling of Meaning]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Environment and Planning D: Society and Space]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>26</volume>
<page-range>782-94</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alexander]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The civil sphere]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Oxford University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alexander]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Taylor]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8216;Ideology&#8217; and after: Reinscribing the aesthetics of symbolic structure in Geertz]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Sociologica]]></source>
<year>2024</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alexander]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jaworsky]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B. N.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Obama power]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Londres ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Polity]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arendt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The origins of totalitarianism]]></source>
<year>1976</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Harper Collins]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bion]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W. R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Experiences in groups and other papers]]></source>
<year>1968</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Londres ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Routledge]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bosworth]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. J. B.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Mussolini]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Bloomsbury Academic]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Canetti]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Crowds and power]]></source>
<year>1984</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Farrar, Straus and Giroux]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Durkheim]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The elementary forms of religious life]]></source>
<year>1963</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Free Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Durkheim]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Socialism and Saint-Simon]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Londres ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Routledge]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>The Economist</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Walking away: How to think about the threat to American democracy]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<month>,</month>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Freud]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Group psychology and the analysis of the eg]]></source>
<year>1959</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Norton]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gasset]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ortega, J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The revolt of the masses]]></source>
<year>1994</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Norton]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Geertz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Ideology as a cultural system]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Geertz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The interpretation of cultures]]></source>
<year>1973</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Basic Books]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Klein]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Envy and gratitude and other works 1946-1963]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Free Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kornhauser]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The politics of mass society]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Londres ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Routledge]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Le Bon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The crowd: A study of the popular mind]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Dover Publications]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lenin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V. I.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[What is to be done? Burning questions of our movement]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[International Publishers]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Levitsky]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ziblatt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[How democracies die]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Broadway Books]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Levitsky]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ziblatt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Tyranny of the minority]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Penguin]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[MacFarquhar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Saddam Hussein had oppressed Iraq for more than 30 years]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[New York Times]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<month>,</month>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McDougall]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The group mind: A sketch of the principles of collective psychology]]></source>
<year>1920</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Ann Arbor, MI ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[University of Michigan Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Michels]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Political parties: A sociological study of the oligarchical tendencies of modern democracy]]></source>
<year>1962</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Free Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mosca]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The ruling class (Elementi di scienza politica)]]></source>
<year>1939</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[McGraw-Hill]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mouffe]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The democratic paradox]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Londres ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Verso]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Segal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Steiner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[John]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Psychoanalysis, literature, and war: Papers 1972-1995]]></source>
<year>1997</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Londres ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Routledge]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Selznick]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The organizational weapon: A study of Bolshevik strategy and tactics]]></source>
<year>1952</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[McGraw-Hill]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Slater]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Microcosm: Structural, psychological, and religious evolution in groups]]></source>
<year>1966</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[John Wiley]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stokes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Party Loyalty and the Likelihood of Deviating Elections]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Campbell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Elections and the political order]]></source>
<year>1966</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[John Wiley]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
