0188-7653
0188-7653
S0188-76532017000200361
10.18504/pl2550-016-2017
Chile
Chile
Chile
Chile
Colombia
00
12
2017
00
12
2017
25
50
361
386
[
2013
1-16
]
[
2010
8
3
3
593-609
]
[
1997
]
[
1986
]
[
1982
37
2
2
122-47
]
[
1977
]
[
1996
67
67
1206-22
]
[
2013
7
7
]
[
2004
]
[
2003
]
[
2009
17
34
34
51-85
]
[
2008
]
[
2015
44
44
50-9
]
[
1984
]
[
2007
183
4
4
33-66
]
[
2009
]
[
2005
36
7
7
713-9
]
[
2007
]
[
1999
149-88
]
[
2013
26
26
55-63
]
[
2013
38
2
2
136-48
]
[
2011
30
5
5
1103-14
]
[
2004
85
10
10
752-61
]
[
2011
104
104
167-80
]
[
2004
96
4
4
723-30
]
[
1955
127-34
]
[
2012
34
1
1
33-50
]
[
2010
46
3
3
]
[
2012
40
5
5
1024-41
]
[
1996
9
9
6-13
]
[
2007
]
[
2009
45
45
740-63
]
[
2012
22
6
6
715-23
]
[
2011
37
1
1
89-99
]
[
2013
38
38
126-35
]
[
2011
14
1
1
67-82
]
[
2005
99
2
2
78-86
]
[
2010
63
11
11
1516-33
]
[
1943
50
50
370-96
]
[
2007
40
1
1
351-71
]
[
2010
16
16
26-36
]
[
2010
8
3
3
453-73
]
[
MINEDUC
2012
]
[
MINEDUC
2011
]
[
MINEDUC
2010
]
[
MINEDUC
2009
]
[
MINEDUC
2002
]
[
2000
85
85
]
[
2012
32
1
1
132-44
]
[
2014
127
127
189-93
]
[
2013
24
24
117-25
]
[
2007
]
[
2011
15
3
3
27-50
]
[
OECD
2012
]
[
OECD
2009
]
[
OECD
2007
]
[
2009
36
1
1
47-66
]
[
2007
27
3
3
329-48
]
[
2006
32
1
1
1-16
]
[
2007
33
2
2
101-20
]
[
2012
]
[
2008
10
30
30
61-166
]
[
2009
32
2
2
129-37
]
[
2006
6
2
2
72-8
]
[
2008
]
[
2012
27
2
2
145-72
]
[
2012
22
22
79-91
]
[
2012
53
53
319-29
]
[
2012
22
4
4
429-38
]
[
2001
2
1
1
31-47
]
[
2008
]