<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0188-4999</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista internacional de contaminación ambiental]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. Int. Contam. Ambient]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0188-4999</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y Cambio Climático]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0188-49992025000100144</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.20937/rica.55265</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Presence of caffeine in the karst lake Punta Laguna of the Yucatán Peninsula and its environmental risk]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Presencia de cafeína en el lago kárstico Punta Laguna de la península de Yucatán y su riesgo ambiental]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sánchez-Herrera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alma Lilibet]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Leal-Bautista]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Rosa María]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alvarado-Flores]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jesús]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán Unidad de Ciencias del Agua ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Cancún Quintana Roo]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>41</volume>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0188-49992025000100144&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0188-49992025000100144&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0188-49992025000100144&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[ABSTRACT Caffeine is known to be a chemical indicator of anthropogenic contamination in water bodies because it is highly soluble and persistent. As such, caffeine is an excellent water quality marker and tool in environmental impact assessments. Our goal was to quantify the caffeine in water from the Yucatán karstic groundwater and determine its environmental impact on indigenous aquatic biota. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with diode-array detection was used to quantify the caffeine content in water. Acute toxicity tests were performed in six zooplankton rotifer- and ostracod-strain groups native to the Yucatán peninsula that were cultured in our laboratory. In addition, the risk posed by caffeine in water on aquatic biota was determined, using risk assessment of the environmental concentration of caffeine in water (MEC) and the predictive values of toxicity (PNEC) obtained from our acute toxicity study. High concentrations of caffeine were found in the water. The most sensitive species to caffeine exposure was Diaphanocypris meridiana (ostracod), with an LC50 value of 288.383 mg/L, and the most tolerant organism was Lecane cornuta (rotifer) with an LC50 value of 3694.611 mg/L. Caffeine contamination of groundwater into aquatic ecosystems suggested, could have others active pharmaceuticals, hazardous substances, and personal care products. The presence of caffeine in Punta Laguna ranges between 1.79 and 3.93 mg/L, which represents a low to moderate risk for rotifers and a high risk for ostracods.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[RESUMEN Se sabe que la cafeína es un indicador químico de contaminación antrópica en cuerpos de agua porque es altamente soluble y persistente. Como tal, la cafeína es un excelente marcador de la calidad del agua y una herramienta útil en las evaluaciones de impacto ambiental. El objetivo fue cuantificar la cafeína en el agua subterránea kárstica de Yucatán y determinar su impacto ambiental en la biota acuática autóctona. Se utilizó cromatografía líquida de alta resolución (HPLC, por su sigla en inglés) con detección de matriz de diodos para cuantificar la cafeína en agua. También se realizaron pruebas de toxicidad aguda en seis grupos de cepas de zooplancton (rotíferos y ostrácodos) nativos de la península de Yucatán que fueron cultivados en nuestro laboratorio. Se determinó el riesgo que representa la cafeína en el agua para la biota acuática, utilizando la concentración ambiental de cafeína en el agua (MEC) y los valores predictivos de toxicidad (PNEC) obtenidos de nuestro estudio de toxicidad aguda. Se encontraron altas concentraciones de cafeína en el agua. La especie más sensible a la exposición a cafeína fue Diaphanocypris meridiana (ostrácodo), con un valor de CL50 de 288.383 mg/L, y el organismo más tolerante fue Lecane cornuta (rotífero) con un valor de CL50 de 3694.611 mg/L. La contaminación por cafeína sugiere que las aguas subterráneas en los ecosistemas acuáticos pueden tener otros activos farmacéuticos, sustancias peligrosas y productos para el cuidado personal. La presencia de cafeína en Punta Laguna fluctúa entre 1.79 y 3.93 mg/L, lo que representa un riesgo de bajo a moderado para rotíferos y alto riesgo para ostrácodos.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[ecotoxicology]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[emerging contaminants]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[water quality]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[ecotoxicología]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[contaminantes emergentes]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[calidad de agua]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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