<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0188-4999</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista internacional de contaminación ambiental]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. Int. Contam. Ambient]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0188-4999</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y Cambio Climático]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0188-49992024000100154</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.20937/rica.55124</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Evaluación ecotoxicológica de las interacciones entre paracetamol e ibuprofeno sobre la microalga de agua dulce Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Ecotoxicological assessment of the interactions between paracetamol and ibuprofen on the freshwater microalgae Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moraga]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Vicente]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gaete]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Hernán]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Valparaíso Escuela de Ingeniería en Medioambiente ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Valparaíso ]]></addr-line>
<country>Chile</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Valparaíso Centro de Investigación y Gestión de Recursos Naturales (CIGREN) ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Playa Ancha Valparaíso]]></addr-line>
<country>Chile</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>40</volume>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0188-49992024000100154&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0188-49992024000100154&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0188-49992024000100154&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[RESUMEN Los contaminantes emergentes, tales como fármacos de uso humano y veterinarios, generan creciente preocupación por sus efectos tóxicos potenciales en organismos acuáticos. Los antinflamatorios paracetamol e ibuprofeno están entre los fármacos más consumidos a nivel mundial y se han encontrado en ecosistemas acuáticos como ríos y lagos. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la toxicidad de paracetamol e ibuprofeno y sus interacciones sobre la microalga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata. Para ello, se prepararon concentraciones crecientes de ambos compuestos farmacéuticos y se realizaron bioensayos de toxicidad con P. subcapitata, en tanto que para las interacciones se prepararon mezclas binarias en proporciones de 4:1, 1:4 y 1:1 de acuerdo con los CI20 determinados previamente. Las interacciones se determinaron de acuerdo con los modelos concentración-adición y proporción-sinergia. Los resultados muestran que la toxicidad del ibuprofeno fue mayor que la de paracetamol (CI20-72 h de 12.7 y 23.9 mg/L, respectivamente). Las interacciones se clasificaron como antagónicas. En conclusión, los resultados sugieren un bajo riesgo ambiental para los productores primarios como la microalga P. supcapitata, ya que las concentraciones que provocan efectos tóxicos son superiores a las reportadas en ecosistemas acuáticos naturales como lagos y ríos en diferentes partes del mundo. Por otra parte, la presencia conjunta de ambos fármacos inhibe sus toxicidades individuales sobre P. subcapitata.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[ABSTRACT Emerging contaminants, such as drugs for human and veterinary use, are of growing concern due to their potential toxic effects on aquatic organisms. The anti-inflammatories paracetamol and ibuprofen are among the most consumed drugs worldwide and have been found in aquatic ecosystems such as rivers and lakes. The aim of this work was to evaluate the toxicity of paracetamol and ibuprofen and their interactions on the microalga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata. For this purpose, increasing concentrations of both pharmaceutical compounds were prepared, toxicity bioassays were performed with P. subcapitata, while for interactions, binary mixtures were prepared in the following ratios: 4:1, 1:4, and 1:1 according to the CI20 previously determined. The interactions were determined according to the concentration-addition and synergy-ratio models. The results show that the toxicity of ibuprofen was higher than paracetamol (72-h CI20 of 12.7 and 23.9 mg/L, respectively). The interactions were classified as antagonistic. In conclusion, the results suggest a low environmental risk for primary producers such as the microalgae P. supcapitata, since the concentrations that cause toxic effects are higher than those reported in natural aquatic ecosystems such as lakes and rivers in different parts of the world. On the other hand, the joint presence of both drugs inhibits their individual toxicities on P. subcapitata.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[toxicidad]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[contaminantes emergentes]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[fármacos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[microalgas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[toxicity]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[emerging pollutants]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[pharmaceuticals]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[microalgae]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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