<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0188-4999</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista internacional de contaminación ambiental]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. Int. Contam. Ambient]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0188-4999</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y Cambio Climático]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0188-49992019000401039</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.20937/rica.2019.35.04.21</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[EFECTO DEL PRETRATAMIENTO HIDROTÉRMICO (ALTA PRESIÓN) E HIDRÓLISIS ENZIMÁTICA DE CLADODIOS DE Opuntia ficus-indica SOBRE LA LIBERACIÓN DE AZÚCARES Y SU USO POTENCIAL EN LA PRODUCCIÓN DE BIOETANOL]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[EFFECT OF HYDROTHERMAL PRETREATING (HIGH PRESSURE) AND ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS OF CLADODES OF Opuntia ficus-indica ON THE RELEASE OF SUGARS AND THEIR POTENTIAL USE IN BIOETHANOL PRODUCTION]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Texco-López]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Andrés]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Álvarez-Cervantes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jorge]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cadena-Ramírez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Arturo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Castro-Rosas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Javier]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gómez-Aldapa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Carlos Alberto]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Téllez-Jurado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alejandro]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Politécnica de Pachuca Departamento de Biotecnología ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Zempoala Hidalgo]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Politécnica de Pachuca Departamento de Ingeniería Biomédica ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Zempoala Hidalgo]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo ICBI Área Académica de Química]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Mineral de la Reforma Hidalgo]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>35</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<fpage>1039</fpage>
<lpage>1049</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0188-49992019000401039&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0188-49992019000401039&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0188-49992019000401039&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[RESUMEN La producción de biocombustibles de segunda generación requiere de materias primas que reúnan ciertas características, entre las que destacan disponibilidad, precio, rápido crecimiento, fácil manipulación, entre otras. Opuntia ficus-indica fue analizada en este trabajo dada su amplia distribución en México, tolerancia a ambientes extremos de sequía y temperatura, así como su alto rendimiento como cultivo; aunado a esto, en periodos de poda, los cladodios son abandonados en el sitio generando problemas de contaminación por lo que es necesario generar propuestas de aprovechamiento. Se utilizaron cladodios de nopal como materia prima para la producción de etanol, utilizando un pretratamiento hidrótérmico (PTH) en un reactor de alta presión (RAP) para favorecer la hidrólisis de mucílago y fibras. Se estudió el efecto de la temperatura (150, 175, 185 y 205 ºC), la adición de H2SO4 (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 y 2 %) y el tiempo de residencia en el RAP (1, 5 y 15 min). El residuo sólido obtenido del PTH fue sometido a un tratamiento enzimático, a fin de mejorar la hidrólisis y aprovechar en su totalidad esta materia prima. Finalmente se realizó una fermentación alcohólica con Saccharomyces cerevisiae. En los resultados obtenidos destaca el ahorro de tiempo por la aplicación del PTH en comparación con el pretratamiento tradicional, alcanzándose una hidrólisis final del 70.4 % de los cladodios de nopal (combinación de los pretratamiento térmico e hidrólisis enzimática) y una producción de bioetanol de 6.6 g/L.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[ABSTRACT The production of second-generation biofuels requires raw materials that meet certain characteristics, among which stand out availability, price, fast growth, easy manipulation, among others. Opuntia ficus-indica was analyzed in this work given its wide world distribution, tolerance to extreme environments of drought and temperature, as well as its high yield as a crop. In addition, in times of pruning, the cladodes are abandoned on the site generating pollution problems so it is necessary to generate usage proposals. The production of bioethanol from cactus cladodes has been previously proposed but a hydrothermal pretreatment (HTP) in a high-pressure reactor (HPR) has not been applied. The use of high pressures is a method used with relative success in the pretreatment of other lignocellulosic substrates. In this work, the effect of temperature (150, 175, 185 and 205 º C), the addition of H2SO4 (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 %) and the residence time in a HPR (1, 5 and 15 min) was studied. The solid residue obtained in the HTP was subjected to an enzymatic treatment to improve high-pressure hydrolysis of this raw material; finally, an alcoholic fermentation was carried out with Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The results showed significant time saving by applying a HTP compared to a conventional pretreatment (carried out in autoclaves). A final hydrolysis of 70.4 % of the nopal cladodes (combination of thermal pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis) and bioethanol production of 6.6 g/L were achieved.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[azúcares reductores]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[fermentación alcohólica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[hidrólisis a alta presión]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[hidrólisis biológica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[alcoholic fermentation]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[biological hydrolysis]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[high pressure hydrolysis]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[reducing sugars]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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