<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0188-4611</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Investigaciones geográficas]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Invest. Geog]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0188-4611</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Geografía]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0188-46112024000300110</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14350/rig.60854</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Acciones de mitigación y adaptación ante la erosión costera de playas arenosas del Caribe Sur, Costa Rica]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Mitigation and adaptation actions for coastal erosion of sandy beaches in the Southern Caribbean, Costa Rica]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Castillo-Chinchilla]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Maikol]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Piedra-Castro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Lilliana]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pereira Chaves]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José Miguel]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sierra Sierra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Luis]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas Heredia  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas Heredia  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas Heredia  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af5">
<institution><![CDATA[,lmsierra1@yahoo.com.mx  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<numero>115</numero>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0188-46112024000300110&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0188-46112024000300110&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0188-46112024000300110&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen Las zonas costeras del mundo enfrentan serios problemas debido a las consecuencias de la erosión en playas. Si bien esto es cierto, se realizan esfuerzos por contener este avance del mar, aunque en ocasiones se convierten en acciones aisladas debido a la carencia de instrumentos que orienten el proceso de toma de decisiones. El objetivo de este trabajo fue describir acciones que puedan ser implementadas en el marco de un plan de acción para mitigar la erosión costera en playas arenosas del Caribe Sur de Costa Rica, para lo que se trabajó con un grupo focal. Además, se realizó una amplia revisión bibliográfica de las experiencias en otros países con respecto a los planes de acción y soluciones basadas en naturaleza. Los pobladores reconocen el impacto de la erosión sobre la fauna (57%) y la vegetación (36%). Con base en toda la información se definieron seis objetivos con sus respectivos indicadores, resultados esperados y actores involucrados en la ejecución. Además, se detallan algunas de las soluciones basadas en naturaleza que pueden ponerse en marcha. Se concluye que el plan de acción es una herramienta que contribuye a la adaptación de las comunidades costeras ante el cambio propiciado por la erosión costera.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract The world's coastal zones face serious problems due to the consequences of beach erosion. While it is true that efforts are being made to contain this advance of the sea, these sometimes become isolated actions due to the lack of instruments to guide the decision-making process. This lack of methodologies and projects aimed at containing the advance of the sea also affects the Southern Caribbean of Costa Rica. The objective of the research was to formulate an action plan that integrates nature-based solutions that can be implemented as mitigation tools for coastal erosion of sandy beaches in the Southern Caribbean, Costa Rica. For this purpose, we worked with a focus group where social actors expressed their perceptions regarding the main problems caused by coastal erosion, and also conducted a reconnaissance of the sandy beaches of communities such as Vizcaya, Estrella, Cahuita, Manzanillo and Gandoca. The information they provided was classified in order to assess the feasibility of incorporating it into the action plan. In addition, a selected bibliographic review was carried out regarding experiences in other countries that have implemented action plans and nature-based solutions. The results obtained from the focus groups indicated that 95% of the local stakeholders recognize the existence of at least three impacts that are the triggers of coastal deterioration, namely, dragging of sand from the beaches, loss of dune vegetation and associated biodiversity. The participants also recognized the effect of the advance of the sea towards the mainland on fauna (57%) and vegetation (36%) as the agents that cause the greatest impact. According to them, there are at least four main axes that are related to this issue, such as the decrease in economic income and the reduction in the entry of tourists to the beaches, mainly in those areas that have been previously identified as having a strong erosive tendency, among them Puerto Vargas, Puerto Viejo, Manzanillo and Gandoca. Based on the information gathered, an action plan was defined, consisting of six objectives with their respective indicators, expected results and actors involved in the execution. This tool also details nature-based solutions that can be incorporated for implementation, taking into account the characteristics of each of the sandy beaches considered for this research. Hence, the proposed measures include rigid and soft works, which contribute to the protection of ecosystems by reducing wave energy, diversifying marine habitats, allowing the use of available resources for subsistence fishing and increasing the resilience of sandy beaches. It is concluded that for the Southern Caribbean of Costa Rica there is fertile ground for the realization and execution of small projects with a focus on living coasts and nature-based solutions. It is important to emphasize that the proposed mitigation actions should be contained in this plan in such a way that it is comprehensive, supportive and sustainable over time, which will allow for the effective adaptation of coastal communities to the problems caused by coastal erosion.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[cambio climático]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[indicadores]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[resiliencia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[restauración]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[playas arenosas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[climate change]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[indicators]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[resilience]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[restoration]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[sandy beaches]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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