<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0188-4611</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Investigaciones geográficas]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Invest. Geog]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0188-4611</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Geografía]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0188-46112024000100105</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14350/rig.60784</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Trayectoria de la cubierta vegetal de la Sierra de Guadalupe, Valle de México (1994-2019)]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Trajectory of the vegetation cover at Sierra de Guadalupe, Valle de México (1994-2019)]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mendoza Ruiz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Erick Eduardo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodríguez Trejo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Dante Arturo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Granados Sánchez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Diódoro]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Corona Ambriz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alejandro]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Autónoma Chapingo  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Chapingo Estado de México]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Autónoma Chapingo  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Chapingo Estado de México]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Autónoma Chapingo  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Chapingo Estado de México]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Autónoma Chapingo  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Chapingo Estado de México]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<numero>113</numero>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0188-46112024000100105&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0188-46112024000100105&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0188-46112024000100105&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[resumen está disponible en el texto completo]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract The Sierra de Guadalupe is the last forest redoubt north of Mexico City. In order to restore its vegetation cover, or at least manage it, it is necessary to understand its development. It is a system with unity through which energy transits in different forms depending on the vegetation, which is the most evident result of lithological, edaphological, climatic, geographical and historical conditions with different types of human intervention. The behaviour of vegetation cover in the Sierra de Guadalupe in recent decades is described by comparing the area and perimeter of the mosaics. Four landscape indices were also applied: a matrix-patch-corridor approach (Puyravaud, 2003), which expresses the change in vegetation cover based on the equation of compound interest (Mikels, 2003), the detection of fragmentation by the proximity between the centres of the mosaics of each vegetation type; the relationship of the dissection of a landscape, based on the similarity of the mosaics, with circles of the same area (Bowen and Burgess, 1981), expressed by the possibility of an organism encountering another of its species at random sites in the landscape (Jaeger, 2000). The Markov transition matrix analysis shows the ecological succession of some mosaics and also the change from forest to urban land use in most of the Sierra. Moran&#8217;s autocorrelation index allows us to assess how clustered the patches are, or, in other words, how constant the energy flow across the landscape is. To determine the mosaics, 1994 and 2019 images of the Sierra de Guadalupe were compared and the perimeter of each mosaic was drawn freehand. Field visits were made to the study area to relate the texture and position of each mosaic. The Sierra de Guadalupe was defined as a set of microwatersheds with an extension of 16 813 ha. In 1994, 8698 ha were urbanised, by 2019 concrete had covered a further 1741 ha. 540 ha of forest and plantations have been established, in addition to the 1670 ha that already existed. The oak forest has spread along the ravines over 74 ha. The most important plant community in terms of extent in 1994 was xerophytic scrub, when it represented 16.8% of the Sierra. In 2019, xerophytic scrub with grassland had an extension of 12.7% of the total. Closed or open oak woodland, the most conserved and mature growing ecosystem, covered 334 ha in 1994 and by 2019 it reached 410 ha. As for artificial forest stands, eucalyptus plantations have been the most widespread, accounting for 3.7% in 1994, but 5.2% in 2019. The Puyvaraud index (2003) revealed an increase in forest mass of 1.05% per year. Of course, the forest stand canopy does not actually increase at that rate, rather forest stands became established until they were visible on satellite imagery as established canopy. Jaeger&#8217;s (2000) cohesion index indicates zero probability (both in 1994 and 2019) of encountering two organisms of the same species hypothetically randomly arranged in the landscape. The dissection index (Bowen and Burgess, 1981) yields a value of 5.84% in 1994 and 8.42% in 2019, indicating that the landscape has become more sparse by 3.42% with respect to the similarity of a circle of the same area as all patches, i.e. it has become finer grained. The Markov matrix reveals the most representative transitions (discarding transitions to urbanisation). Grasslands became xerophytic scrubland; scrubland became heterogeneous forest and oak woodland; xerophytic scrubland became eucalyptus plantations, scrubland and grassland became stands of pirul, and scrubland and grassland became artificial copses of pine, casuarina and white cedar. A correlation of 0.5 was found for 1994 and 0.06 for 2019. In general, vegetation cover has been almost entirely affected by human causes, either with negative environmental impact, such as the construction of colonies, or positive impact, such as reforestations. Landscape indices indicate that, with the exception of eucalyptus plantations, most forest communities have become small, scattered mosaics with little core area, forming a fine-grained landscape, and the retraction of the forest frontier has promoted further fragmentation.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[fragmentación]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[índices paisajísticos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[paisaje]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[restauración ecológica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[trayectoria del paisaje]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[fragmentation]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[landscape indices]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[landscape]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[ecological restoration]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[landscape trajectory]]></kwd>
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