<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0188-4611</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Investigaciones geográficas]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Invest. Geog]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0188-4611</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Geografía]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0188-46112023000200102</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14350/rig.60726</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Variación espacial y multitemporal de la línea de costa en playas arenosas del Caribe sur de Costa Rica]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Spatial and Multitemporal Variation of the Coastline in Sandy Beaches of the South Caribbean Region of Costa Rica]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Castillo-Chinchilla]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Maikol]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Piedra-Castro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Lilliana]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pereira Chaves]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jose Miguel]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sierra Sierra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Luis]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carvajal Sánchez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jose Pablo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas Heredia  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas Heredia  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,lmsierra1@yahoo.com.mx  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="Af5">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Técnica Nacional  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<numero>111</numero>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0188-46112023000200102&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0188-46112023000200102&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0188-46112023000200102&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen Múltiples factores se interrelacionan para establecer el límite entre el mar y el continente, sin embargo, en las últimas décadas esta demarcación ha sufrido variaciones importantes en la línea costera, debido a los diversos efectos del cambio climático, al deterioro de las barreras coralinas, construcción de infraestructuras de contención, entre otros. El objetivo de esta investigación fue analizar la variación espacial y multitemporal de la línea de costa en playas arenosas del Caribe sur de Costa Rica. El área de estudio se delimitó entre el centro de la provincia de Limón (N 10° 00&#8217;29"; W 83° 15&#8217;06), y la desembocadura del río Sixaola, en el cantón de Talamanca (N 09°25'40"; W 83°01'20"). Dicha área se subdividió en dos secciones tomando en consideración la biogénesis de la arena que conforman las playas y las características de irregularidad de la costa. El sector Noroeste, señalado como CSA1 y hasta el CSA3 que abarcó desde el centro de la provincia de Limón hasta la margen derecha del río Estrella (N 9°47'39.26; W 82°53'37.24"). Y el Sureste, descrito como CSB1 y hasta el CSB7, que abarca desde la margen izquierda de dicho río, hasta la desembocadura del Sixaola (N 9°34'16.25"; W 82°33'59.51"). En cada uno de estos 10 sectores se determinó la variación de la costa mediante el uso de imágenes áreas (1960, 1976, 1998, 2005) y satelitales RapidEye (2011) y WordView 2 y 3 (2018) y Sentinel 2A (2023). Se utilizó la herramienta Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS 4.3) para ArcGis, mediante la cual se generaron 1547 transectos ortogonales con una distancia de separación de 50 m, los cuales tomaron como línea base el límite continental de los 200 m de protección, establecido por la ley de zona marítimo terrestre de Costa Rica. Se obtuvo el desplazamiento espacial y temporal de la línea costera mediante el estadístico End Point Rate (EPR) y el Net Shoreline Movement (NSM), para los últimos 63 años. Para la comprobación del desplazamiento de la línea costera se utilizó una matriz de 700 puntos georreferenciados que se obtuvieron de los monitoreos realizados in situ en la última década (2012-2022) en nueve playas de estos sectores. Con esta información se realizó un análisis de clúster (puntos calientes) con el uso del algoritmo Getis-Ord Gi* (QGIS). Se evidenció que, entre 1960 y 2023 el 70.14% de los transectos mantuvieron tasas erosivas, las cuales se concentraron en el Parque Nacional Cahuita (-1,63 m/año), Puerto Viejo-Cocles (-0,37 m/año), Manzanillo (-2,07 m/año) y Gandoca (-1,74 m/año). Los desplazamientos de la línea de costa por acreción ocurrieron principalmente en zonas cercanas o de influencia de ríos como Banano, Estrella, y Sixaola, en tasas que variaron entre 8.01 m/año y 76.14 m/año, en promedio. Se determinó que el balance general neto del NSM entre 1960-2023 varió de moderado a estable, tanto por erosión como por la acreción, alcanzando los valores más críticos de pérdida de costa hacia el Sureste del CS, en zonas como Puerto Vargas, Manzanillo y Gandoca. Por otro lado, el análisis de puntos calientes evidenció coincidencia con el EPR y el NSM en las zonas que presentaron mayor desplazamiento de la costa debido a la erosión, comportamiento que se también se comprobó con el análisis de los perfiles topográficos de estas playas arenosas, las cuales mantienen un patrón de tipo semi reflexivo y reflexivo, que son evidentes por los cambios en el ancho y el ángulo de inclinación. Se concluye que, las playas arenosas del Caribe sur han experimentado en los últimos 63 años afectación principalmente por procesos erosivos, los cuales coinciden con el comportamiento analizado mediante el análisis clúster y perfiles topográficos. Dicha tendencia del desplazamiento espacial y multitemporal de línea costera por erosión provocará en el mediano plazo impactos que incrementarán la vulnerabilidad y afectación de ecosistemas costeros y comunidades humanas presentes en esta franja litoral.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract Multiple factors interrelate to define the boundary between the sea and the mainland. However, this demarcation has undergone significant variations in the coastline in recent decades due to the various effects of climate change, the deterioration of coral barriers, and the construction of containment infrastructures, among others. The objective of the present research was to analyze the spatial and multitemporal variations of the coastline in sandy beaches of the South Caribbean region of Costa Rica. The study area was delimited between the center of the Limón province (10°00&#8217;29&#8221; N; 83°15&#8217;06 W), and the mouth of the Sixaola River in the Talamanca canton (09°25&#8217;40&#8221; N; 83°01&#8217;20&#8221; W). This area was divided into two sections based on beach sand biogenesis and the irregularity features of the coast. The Northwest sector, from CSA1 to CSA3, comprised from the center of the Limón province to the right bank of the Estrella River (9°47'39.26 N; 82°53'37.24 W"). The Southeast, from CSB1 to CSB7, covered from the left bank of this river to the mouth of the Sixaola River (9°34'16.25&#8221; N; 82°33'59.51&#8221; W). In each of these ten sectors, we determined the variation of the coast using aerial images (1960, 1976, 1998, 2005) and satellite images (RapidEye for 2011, WordView 2 and 3 for 2018, and Sentinel 2A for 2023). Using the Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS 4.3) tool for ArcGIS, we produced 1547 orthogonal transects separated by 50 m, considering as baseline the 200-meter continental protection limit established by the Law on the Land-Maritime Zone of Costa Rica. The spatial and temporal displacement of the coastline was estimated with the End Point Rate (EPR) statistic and the Net Shoreline Movement (NSM) for the past 63 years. The displacement of the coastline was verified using a matrix of 700 georeferenced points obtained from in-situ monitoring over the past decade (2012-2022) in nine beaches of these sectors This information was used to perform a cluster analysis (hot spots) using the Getis-Ord GI* algorithm (QGIS). This study evidenced that, between 1960 and 2023, 70.14 % of the transects maintained erosive rates, which were concentrated in the Cahuita National Park (-1.63 m/year), Puerto Viejo-Cocles (-0.37 m/year), Manzanillo (-2.07 m/year), and Gandoca (-1.74 m/year). Coastline displacements by accretion occurred mainly in areas close to or influenced by rivers such as Banano, Estrella, and Sixaola, at average rates ranging from 8.01 m/year to 76.14 m/year. The NSM net balance between 1960 and 2023 varied from moderate to stable, both due to erosion and accretion, reaching the most critical coastal loss values to the southeast of the SC, in areas including Puerto Vargas, Manzanillo, and Gandoca. On the other hand, the analysis of hot spots revealed the consistency between EPR and NSM in the areas showing the greatest coastal displacement due to erosion. This behavior was also confirmed by analyzing the topographic profiles of these sandy beaches; they maintain semi-reflective and reflective patterns, evident by changes in width and slope angle. It is concluded that the sandy beaches of the South Caribbean have been impacted mainly by erosive processes over the past 63 years, which coincide with the behavior from the cluster analysis and topographic profiles. This trend of spatial and multitemporal displacement of the coastline due to erosion will cause medium-term impacts that will increase the vulnerability and affectation of coastal ecosystems and human communities in this stretch of coastline.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[cambio climático]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[erosión]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[acreción]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[sedimentos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[infralitoral]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[climate change]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[erosion]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[accretion]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[sediments]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[infralittoral]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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