<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0188-3380</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Economía: teoría y práctica]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Econ: teor. práct]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0188-3380</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, a través de la Unidad Iztapalapa, la Unidad Azcapotzalco y la Unidad Xochimilco, División de Ciencias Sociales]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0188-33802023000200047</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24275/etypuam/ne/592023/villeda</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Pobreza multidimensional en las personas mayores de México: un análisis de género]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Multidimensional Poverty Among the Elderly in Mexico: a Gender Analysis]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Villeda Santana]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mary C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nava Bolaños]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Isalia]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Domínguez Villalobos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Lilia M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Instituto de Investigaciones Económicas ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Instituto de Investigaciones Económicas ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Facultad de Economía ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<numero>59</numero>
<fpage>47</fpage>
<lpage>74</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0188-33802023000200047&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0188-33802023000200047&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0188-33802023000200047&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen El objetivo de este artículo es explorar, mediante dos modelos de regresión logística multinominal, los factores que inciden en la pobreza multidimensional de las personas adultas mayores en México y en particular analizar cómo difieren entre mujeres y hombres. La fuente de información es la Encuesta Nacional de Ingresos y Gastos de los Hogares 2020. Los resultados muestran la relevancia de analizar la pobreza desde un enfoque multidimensional, ya que las distintas categorías de pobreza pueden tener disimilitudes en sus determinantes. Igualmente arrojan algunas diferencias notables entre mujeres y hombres, en un contexto de feminización de la vejez. Las odds ratio del modelo econométrico muestran que ser jefe de hogar incrementa las razones de probabilidad para las mujeres y las reduce para los hombres; hablar lengua indígena y vivir en una localidad rural; aunque tienen el mismo efecto positivo para ambos, el incremento es mayor para las mujeres. Contar con red económica tiene un efecto inverso en todos los cuadrantes, con un efecto menor entre la población femenina.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract The objective of this article is to explore, through two models of multinomial logistic regression, the factors that affect the multidimensional poverty among the elderly in Mexico and in particular to analyze how they differ between women and men. The source is the National Survey of Household Income and Expenditure 2020. Our econometric results show the relevance of analyzing poverty from a multidimensional approach, since we find noteworthy dissimilarities among the determinants by poverty categories. Moreover, the gender approach throws differences between women and men, in a context of old age feminization. Female household heading increases the odds ratio while reducing them for men. Speaking an indigenous language and living in a rural location, although with positive effect for both, the probability increase is greater for women. Lastly access to economic networks has an inverse effect in all categories, with a smaller effect among the female population.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Medición y análisis de la pobreza]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[economía de la ancianidad]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[economía de género]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Measurement and analysis of poverty]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[economics of the elderly]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[economics of gender]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Amarante]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Verónica]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Colacce]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Maira]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Multidimensional Poverty Among Older People in Five Latin American Countries]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Social Indicators Research]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>159</volume>
<page-range>945-65</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arber]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Sara]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ginn]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jay]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The invisibility of age: gender and class in later life]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The sociological review]]></source>
<year>1991</year>
<volume>39</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>260-91</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Biyase]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mduduzi]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zwane]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Talent]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[An Empirical Analysis of the Determinants of Poverty and Household Welfare in South Africa]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Journal of Developing Areas]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>52</volume>
<page-range>115-30</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bloom]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[David]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ajay]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mahal]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rosenberg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Larry]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sevilla]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jaypee]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Acuerdos de seguridad económica en el contexto del envejecimiento de la población de la India]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista Internacional de Seguridad Social]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<numero>63</numero>
<issue>63</issue>
<page-range>66-98</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[International Social Security Association (ISSA)]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bramajo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Octavio]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gaiada]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Julio]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Determinantes de la pobreza en los hogares con adultos mayores. Un análisis a partir de microdatos de la EPH]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Asociación Argentina de Economía Política]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brambila]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Carlos]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Urzúa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Carlos]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Fuentes del ingreso de los hogares y factores relacionados con la pobreza en México]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Villarespe]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Verónica]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Pobreza: Concepciones, medición y programas]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<page-range>247-64</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[IIEC-UNAM]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Buvini&#263;]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mayra]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gupta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Geeta Rao]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Female-Headed Households and Female-Maintained Families: Are They Worth Targeting to Reduce Poverty in Developing Countries?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Economic Development and Cultural Change]]></source>
<year>1997</year>
<volume>45</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>259-80</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Calasanti]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Toni]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Feminist Gerontology and Old Men]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Journals of Gerontology: Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>59</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>S30S-14</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cambois]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Emmanuelle]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Solé-Auró]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Aïda]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Robine]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jean-Marie]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Gender Differences in Disability and Economic Hardship in Older Europeans]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Eur J Population]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>35</volume>
<page-range>777-93</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cameron]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. Colin]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Trivedi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Pravin K.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Microeconometrics using Stata]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Texas ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[College Station]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Canedo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ana P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Analyzing Multidimensional Poverty Estimates in Mexico from an Ethnic Perspective: A Policy Tool for Bridging the Indigenous Gap]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Poverty and Public Policy]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>10</volume>
<page-range>543-63</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Canelas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Carla]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Salazar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Silvia]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Gender and ethnic inequalities in lac countries]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[IZA Journal of Labor and Development]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>3</volume>
<page-range>1-15</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chant]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Sylvia]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Dangerous equations? How female-headed households became the poorest of the poor: Causes, consequences and cautions]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Momsen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Janet]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Gender and development: Critical concepts in development studies]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<page-range>397-409</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[London ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Routledge]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chant]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Sylvia]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Nuevas contribuciones al análisis de la pobreza: desafíos metodológicos y conceptuales para entender la pobreza desde una perspectiva de género]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Santiago de Chile ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cepal]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cho]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Sunmee]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kim]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Taeyoon]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Determinants of Poverty status in Rwanda]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[African Development Review]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>29</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>337-49</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Consejo Nacional de Población</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Indicadores Demográficos en México de 1950 a 2050]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Conapo]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Consejo Nacional de Evaluación de la Política de Desarrollo Social</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Nota técnica sobre la carencia por acceso a la seguridad social, 2018-2020]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Ciudad de México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Coneval]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Consejo Nacional de Evaluación de la Política de Desarrollo Social</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Metodología para la medición multidimensional de la pobreza en México]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<edition>tercera</edition>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Ciudad de México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Coneval]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Consejo Nacional de Evaluación de la Política de Desarrollo Social</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Evolución y determinantes de la pobreza de las principales ciudades de México, 1990-2010]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Coneval]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cortés]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Fernando]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fernández]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Tabaré]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mora]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Minor]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Identificación de los mecanismos de aversión de la pobreza en el agro mexicano en el contexto del TLCAN (1992-2002)]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Puyana]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alicia]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Romero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[El sector agropecuario y el Tratado de Libre Comercio de América del Norte: Efectos económicos y sociales]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<edition>1</edition>
<page-range>131-65</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[El Colegio de México]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[De Silva]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Indunil]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Micro-level determinants of poverty reduction in Sri Lanka: A multivariate approach]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International Journal of Social Economics]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>35</volume>
<page-range>140-58</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Deyshappriya]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ravindra]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Minuwanthi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Koshila]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Determinants of poverty: Is age non-linearly related with poverty? Evidence from Sri Lanka]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International Journal of Asian Social Science]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>10</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>181-92</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Elwan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ann]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Poverty and Disability: A Survey of the Literature]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Washington ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[The World Bank]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Escotto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Teresita]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Situaciones de pobreza en México: la relación entre el nivel de vida y el nivel de recursos de los hogares]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[El Colegio de México]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fernández-Ramos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jennifer]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[García-Guerra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ana]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Garza-Rodríguez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jorge]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morales-Ramírez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gabriela]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The dynamics of poverty transitions in Mexico]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International Journal of Social Economics]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>43</volume>
<numero>11</numero>
<issue>11</issue>
<page-range>1082-95</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Freixas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Envejecimiento y género: otras perspectivas necesarias]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Anuario de psicología / The UB Journal of psychology]]></source>
<year>1997</year>
<numero>73</numero>
<issue>73</issue>
<page-range>31-42</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Garza-Rodríguez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jorge]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Determinants of Poverty in Mexico: 2002]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<numero>65995</numero>
<issue>65995</issue>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[München ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[University Library of Munich]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Garza-Rodríguez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jorge]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ayala-Díaz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gustavo A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Coronado-Saucedo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gerardo G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Garza-Garza]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Eugenio G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ovando-Martinez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Oscar]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Determinants of Poverty in Mexico: A Quantile Regression Analysis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Economies]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>9</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[González de Alba]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Iván Guillermo]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Poverty in Mexico from an ethnic perspective]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Human Development and Capabilities]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>11</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>449-65</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guzmán]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José Miguel]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Envejecimiento y empleo en América Latina y el Caribe]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<page-range>2-51</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Santiago de Chile ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Centro Latinoamericano y Caribeño de Demografía (Celade)-División de Población de la Cepal]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ham]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Roberto]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[El envejecimiento en México: el siguiente reto de la transición demográfica]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[El Colegio de la Frontera Norte]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hooyman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Nancy R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gonyea]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Judith]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Feminist perspectives on family care]]></source>
<year>1995</year>
<volume>6</volume>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sage]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Huenchuan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Sandra]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guzmán]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José Miguel]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Seguridad económica y pobreza en la vejez: tensiones, expresiones y desafíos para el diseño de políticas]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Notas de Población]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>33</volume>
<numero>83</numero>
<issue>83</issue>
<page-range>99-125</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Cepal]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Encuesta Nacional de Ingresos y Gastos de los Hogares (ENIGH) 2020]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Inegi]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Islam]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Deen]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sayeed]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jamil]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hossain]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Nazmul]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[On determinants of poverty and inequality in Bangladesh]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Poverty]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>21</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>352-71</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jayathilaka]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ruwan]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Saroja]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Selvanathan]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bandaralage]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jayatilleke S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Is there a link between alcohol consumption and the level of poverty?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Applied Economics]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>48</volume>
<page-range>2054-63</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jiménez Pozo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Wilson]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Landa Casazola]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Fernando]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yañez Aguilar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ernesto]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Bolivia]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hall]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gillette]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Patrinos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Harry Anthony]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Indigenous Peoples, Poverty and Human Development in Latin America]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[London ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Palgrave Macmillan]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kaushal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Neeraj]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[How public pension affects elderly labor supply and well-being: Evidence from India]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[World Development]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>56</volume>
<page-range>214-25</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lerman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Robert I.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Impacts of Marital Status and Parental Presence on the Material Hardship of Families with Children]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Urban Institute Working Paper]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Washington ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[The Urban Institute]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Long]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. Scott]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Freese]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jeremy]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Regression Models for Categorical Dependent Variables Using Stata]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<edition>3</edition>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Texas ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[College Station, Stata]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B41">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McDonald]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Lynn]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Robb]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. Leslie]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The economic legacy of divorce and separation for women in old age]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Canadian journal on aging / La revue canadienne du vieillissement]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>23</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>S83-97</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B42">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Milazzo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Annamaria]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[van de Walle]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Dominique]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Women left behind? Poverty and headship in Africa]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Demography]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>54</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>1119-45</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B43">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Molyneux]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Maxine]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Gender and the Silences of Social Capital: Lessons from Latin America]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Development and Change]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<volume>33</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>167-88</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Blackwell Publishers]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B44">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Montes de Oca]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Verónica]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Redes comunitarias, género y envejecimiento]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Notas de Población]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<numero>77</numero>
<issue>77</issue>
<page-range>139-74</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B45">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Preventing Ageing Unequally]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Paris ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[OECD Publishing]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B46">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Paz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jorge]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arévalo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Carla]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Pobreza en las personas mayores. Un estudio multidimensional para Argentina]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Relap-Revista Latinoamericana de Población]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>13</volume>
<numero>25</numero>
<issue>25</issue>
<page-range>75-102</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B47">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Paz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jorge]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Envejecimiento y empleo en América Latina y el Caribe]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<page-range>1-67</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[International Labour Organization]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B48">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Priebe]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jan]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Disability and its correlates in a developing country context: evidence from multiple datasets and measures]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Journal of Development Studies]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>54</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>657-81</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B49">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rahman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mohammad Hifz Ur]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Singh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ashish]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Disability and social cohesion among older adults: A multi-country study]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International Journal of Social Economics]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>46</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>485-502</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B50">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rahman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mustafa A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Household characteristics and poverty: A logistic regression analysis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Journal of Developing Areas]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>47</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>303-17</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B51">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ramirez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alejandro]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Mexico]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hall]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gillette]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Patrinos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Harry Anthony]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Indigenous Peoples, Poverty and Human Development in Latin America]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<page-range>150-98</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[London ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Palgrave Macmillan]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B52">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rojas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Georgina]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[El peso de los recursos: determinantes de la pobreza en hogares de Monclova, Aguascalientes y la Ciudad de México]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Papeles de Población]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>9</volume>
<numero>38</numero>
<issue>38</issue>
<page-range>77-119</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[UAEM]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B53">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Salgado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Nelly]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wong]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Rebeca]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Género y pobreza: determinantes de la salud en la vejez]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Salud Pública de México]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>49</volume>
<numero>^s4</numero>
<issue>^s4</issue>
<supplement>4</supplement>
<page-range>515-21</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B54">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sekhampu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Tshediso Joseph]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Determinants of Poverty in a South African Township]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Social Sciences]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>34</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>145-53</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B55">
<nlm-citation citation-type="confpro">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tepichin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ana María]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Vulnerabilidades acumuladas. Género y pobreza en la vejez]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<conf-name><![CDATA[ XXVIICongreso de la Asociación Latinoamericana de Sociología]]></conf-name>
<conf-loc>Buenos Aires </conf-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B56">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Todaro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Michael P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Smith]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Stephen C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Economic Development]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[London ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Pearson Education, Inc.]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B57">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Villeda]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mary Carmen]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Factores asociados a la pobreza multidimensional en México: un análisis de género]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[UNAM]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B58">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yamada]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Takahiro]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Dynamics of spatial inequality and poverty: Evidence from two decades of surveys in Vietnam, 1993-2014]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Economics Bulletin]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>38</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>404-18</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
