<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0188-252X</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Comunicación y sociedad]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Comun. soc]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0188-252X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de Guadalajara, Departamento de Estudios de la Comunicación Social]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0188-252X2025000100203</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.32870/cys.v2025.8957</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[La estatalización de la prensa impresa cubana (1959-1965): un análisis sistémico]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[A estatização da imprensa escrita cubana (1959-1965): uma análise sistêmica]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[The state control of the Cuban printed press (1959-1965): A systemic análisis]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Salazar Navarro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Salvador]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,City University of New York Bronx Community College ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Estados Unidos</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>22</volume>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0188-252X2025000100203&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0188-252X2025000100203&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0188-252X2025000100203&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Con base en las dimensiones de Hallin y Mancini para el estudio de los sistemas de medios, se analiza la transformación de la prensa impresa cubana entre 1959 y 1965, desde el inicio de la Revolución hasta la fundación del diario Granma, órgano oficial del Partido Comunista. A través de un análisis histórico, se examinan cambios en contenidos e instituciones que consolidaron el control estatal de los medios. Los resultados muestran cómo la intervención estatal centralizó la comunicación y reformuló el periodismo. Este estudio busca entender el rol de los medios en contextos revolucionarios.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[Com base nas dimensões de Hallin e Mancini para o estudo dos sistemas midiáticos, analisa-se a transformação da imprensa escrita cubana entre 1959 e 1965, desde o início da Revolução até a fundação do jornal Granma, órgão oficial do Partido Comunista. Por meio de uma análise histórica, se examina as mudanças nos conteúdos e nas instituições que consolidaram o controle estatal da mídia. Os resultados mostram como a intervenção estatal centralizou a comunicação e reformulou o jornalismo. Este estudo busca compreender o papel da mídia em contextos revolucionários.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Based on Hallin and Mancini&#8217;s dimensions for the study of media systems, this study analyzes the transformation of the Cuban print press between 1959 and 1965, from the beginning of the Revolution to the founding of the Granma newspaper, the official organ of the Communist Party. Through a historical analysis, this study examines changes in content and institutions that strengthened state control over the media. The results show how state intervention centralized communication and reformulated journalism. This study seeks to understand the role of the press in revolutionary contexts.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Prensa]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Cuba]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[república]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[revolución]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[estatalización]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Imprensa]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Cuba]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[república]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[revolução]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[estatização]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Printed-press]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Cuba]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[republic]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[revolution]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[state control]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alisky]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Havana Havoc: Too many dailies. Subsidies corrupt crowded Cuban journalism]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Nieman Reports]]></source>
<year>1956</year>
<volume>10</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>16-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alisky]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Latin American Media: Guidance and Censorship]]></source>
<year>1981</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Iowa State University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bruzón Sosa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Historia de la prensa plana en Cuba]]></source>
<year>2025</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Neo Club Ediciones]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bustamante]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Cuban Memory Wars. Retrospective Politics in Revolution and Exile]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[The University of North Carolina Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cabrera Infante]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Mea Cuba]]></source>
<year>1992</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Alfaguara]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Díaz Castañón]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Prensa y revolución: la magia de cambio]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Editorial de Ciencias Sociales]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fernández Cuenca]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La imposición del silencio. Cómo se clausuró la libertad de prensa en Cuba. 1959-1960]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Hypermedia Ediciones]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ferrer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Cuba: An American History]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Scribner]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Franqui]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Diary of the Cuban Revolution]]></source>
<year>1980</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Viking Penguin]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Franqui]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Family Portrait with Fidel]]></source>
<year>1985</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Vintage Books]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[García]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Fidel y el periodismo]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Cubaperiodistas]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guerra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Visions of Power in Cuba. Revolution, Redemption, and Resistance, 1959-1971]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[The University of North Carolina Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hallin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Echeverría]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Media systems in Latin America]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Casero-Ripollés]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[López-López]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Routledge Handbook of Political Communication in Ibero-America]]></source>
<year>2025</year>
<page-range>32-48</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Routledge]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hallin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mancini]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Sistemas mediáticos comparados. Tres modelos de relación entre los medios de comunicación y la política]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Hacer]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Henken]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Los orígenes de los medios de comunicación oficiales de Cuba y el renacimiento de la prensa libre: de la subordinación, el silencio y la unanimidad a la independencia, la responsabilidad y la diversidad]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[González]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ángel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Los mitos de la Revolución cubana: Estancamiento y regresión de una utopía]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<page-range>245-82</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Programa Cuba]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lambe]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Subject of Revolution. Between Political and Popular Culture in Cuba]]></source>
<year>2024</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[The University of North Carolina Press Chapel Hill]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lenin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Acerca de la prensa]]></source>
<year>1968</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Progreso]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lent]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Bibliography of Cuban Mass Communications]]></source>
<year>1992</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Greenwood Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Marrero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Dígase la palabra moral. Rescate de un periodismo digno y veraz]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Pablo de la Torriente]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Marrero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Congresos de periodistas cubanos]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Pablo de la Torriente]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Marrero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Dos siglos de periodismo en Cuba. Momentos, hechos y rostros]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Pablo de la Torriente]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ortega]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La coletilla: una batalla por la libertad de expresión, 1959-1962]]></source>
<year>1989</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Editora Política]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Partido Comunista de Cuba</collab>
<source><![CDATA[I Congreso del PCC. Tesis y resoluciones sobre los medios de difusión masiva]]></source>
<year>1975</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rivero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. I.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Prado y Teniente Rey. Una trinchera de ideas]]></source>
<year>1987</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Ediciones Páginas Cubanas]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rivero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. I.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Contra viento y marea. Memorias de un periodista]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Ediciones Universal]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Salazar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Old and New Directions in the 20th Century Cuban Printed Press Historiography. A Cartography of the Press History Field]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Comunicación y Sociedad]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Salwen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Radio and Television in Cuba. The Pre-Castro Era]]></source>
<year>1994</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Iowa State University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Somohano Fernández]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Modelos oposicionales de intervención múltiple: análisis de condiciones de producción periodística en medios independientes de la estructura mediático-partidista en Cuba]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Iberoamericana]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Valle]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La estrategia del verdugo. Breve panorama de la censura cultural en Cuba]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Puente a la Vista Ediciones]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Constantín]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[El periodismo y la lucha ideológica]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Pablo de la Torriente]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Villaescusa Padrón]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Desafíos en la prensa cubana 1959- 1960]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Editora Historia]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Villaescusa Padrón]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La prensa cubana ante el acontecer histórico insular (1961-1965)]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Citmatel]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
