<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0188-2503</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista mexicana de sociología]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. Mex. Sociol]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0188-2503</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Investigaciones Sociales]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0188-25032023000600067</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22201/iis.01882503p.2023.2ne.60983</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Populismo: concepto, jerga, insulto, en perspectiva histórica]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Populism: Concept, jargon, insult in historical perspective]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Palacios]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Marco]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,El Colegio de México  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>85</volume>
<numero>spe2</numero>
<fpage>67</fpage>
<lpage>93</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0188-25032023000600067&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0188-25032023000600067&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0188-25032023000600067&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen: Este artículo traza someramente la trayectoria del concepto de populismo en las ciencias sociales y su uso corriente en la vida pública. Sostiene que, pese a los esfuerzos teóricos, es indefinible cuando escapa de la descripción de periodos históricos particulares. Cualquiera que sea el rango de la definición, los expertos que construyen el concepto quedan tan comprometidos como como los que le dan uso positivo o negativo en la política corriente y en la arena electoral y la publicitaria.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract: This article briefly traces the trajectory of the concept of populism in the social sciences and its current use in public life. It submits that, despite theoretical efforts, populism is indefinable when it escapes the description of historical periods. Whatever the range of the definition, the experts who construct the concept are as committed as those who put it to positive or negative use in mainstream politics and in the electoral and advertising arenas.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[popular]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[nacional]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[liberalismo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[polisemia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[América Latina]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[normalidad y anomalía]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[popular]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[national]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[liberalism]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[polysemy]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Latin America]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[normality and anomaly]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Abdel-Malek]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Anouar]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[¿Qu&#8217;est-ce que l&#8217;Étape Nationalitaire?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Anthologie de la litte&#769;rature arabe contemporaine]]></source>
<year>1967</year>
<volume>2</volume>
<page-range>19</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[París ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[E&#769;ditions du Seuil]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Adams]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Charles Francis]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Works of John Adams]]></source>
<year>1856</year>
<volume>10</volume>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arato]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Andrew]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Political theology and populism]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Social Research]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>80</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>143-72</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arditi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Benjamín]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La política en los bordes del liberalismo. Diferencia, populismo, revolución, emancipación]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Barcelona ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Gedisa]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bourdieu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Pierre]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La noblesse d&#8217;Etat. Grandes corps et grandes écoles]]></source>
<year>1989</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[París ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Editions de Minuit]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Calvo Isaza]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Óscar]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Urbanización y revolución en América Latina: Santiago de Chile, Buenos Aires y Ciudad de México (1950-1980)]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[El Colegio de México]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Canovan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Margaret]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Populism]]></source>
<year>1981</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Harcourt Brace Jovanovich]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Canovan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Margaret]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Two strategies for the study of populism]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Political Studies]]></source>
<year>1982</year>
<volume>30</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>544-52</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Canovan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Margaret]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Populism for political theorists?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Political Ideologies]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>93</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>241-152</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cardozo Santiago]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[David]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[El pensamiento de José Carlos Mariátegui: ¿entre marxismo y populismo?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Res Pública. Revista de la Historia de las Ideas]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>24</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>75-84</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chesneaux]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jean]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La Chine: Un nouveu communisme, 1949-1976]]></source>
<year>1977</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[París ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Hatier]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Córdova]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Arnaldo]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La ideología de la revolución mexicana. La formación del nuevo régimen]]></source>
<year>1973</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Era]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Di Tella]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Torcuato]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Populismo y reforma en América Latina]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Desarrollo Económico]]></source>
<year>1965</year>
<volume>4</volume>
<numero>16</numero>
<issue>16</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dornbusch]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Rudiger]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Edwards]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Sebastián]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Macroeconomics of Populism in Latin America. A National Bureau of Economic Research Conference Report]]></source>
<year>1991</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Chicago ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[University of Chicago Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Elliot]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[John H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Empires of the Atlantic World. Britain and Spain in America 1492-1830]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[New Haven ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Yale University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fajardo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Margarita]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The World that Latin America Created. The United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America in the Development Era]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cambridge ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Harvard University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gallino]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Francesco]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#701;All but the form is serious&#700;: Slavery, racism, and democracy in Gustave de Beaumont&#8217;s Marie]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Annals of the Fondazione Luigi Einaudi]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>LIII</volume>
<page-range>93-116</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gargarella]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Roberto]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La sala de máquinas de la Constitución: dos siglos de constitucionalismo en América Latina (1810-2010)]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Buenos Aires ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Katz]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Garo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Isabelle]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Communisme et stratégie]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[París ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Éditions Amsterdam]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Germani]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gino]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Democracia representativa y clases populares en América Latina]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Germani]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gino]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tella]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Torcuato di]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ianni]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Octávio]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Populismo y contradicciones de clase en Latinoamérica]]></source>
<year>1973</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Era]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gilly]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Adolfo]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La revolución interrumpida]]></source>
<year>1971</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Ediciones El Caballito]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hennessy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alistair]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[América Latina]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ionescu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ghit]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gellner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ernest]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[El populismo. Sus significados y características nacionales]]></source>
<year>1970</year>
<page-range>39-80</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Buenos Aires ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Amorrortu]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hermet]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Guy]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Loaeza]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Soledad]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Prud&#8217;homme]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jean-François]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Del populismo de los antiguos al populismo de los modernos]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[El Colegio de México]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hobsbawm]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Eric J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Age of Extremes: The Short Twentieth Century, 1914-1991]]></source>
<year>1994</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Londres ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Michael Joseph]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hobsbawm]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Eric J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La era de la revolución, 1789-1848]]></source>
<year>1962</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Buenos Aires ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Crítica]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ionescu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ghita]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gellner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ernest]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[El populismo. Sus significados y características nacionales]]></source>
<year>1970</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Judt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Tony]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Postwar: A History of Europe since 1945]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Penguin]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Knight]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alan]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Populism and neo-populism in Latin America, especially Mexico]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Latin American Studies]]></source>
<year>1989</year>
<volume>30</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>223-48</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kohn]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Margaret]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The other America: Tocqueville and Beaumont on race and slavery]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Polity]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<volume>35</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>169-93</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kornhauser]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[William]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Politics of Mass Society]]></source>
<year>1959</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[New Brunswick ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Transaction Publishers]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Laclau]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ernesto]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La razón populista]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Buenos Aires ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Fondo de Cultura Económica]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Laclau]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ernesto]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Populism. What&#8217;s in a name?]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Panizza]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Francisco]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Populism and the Mirror of Democracy]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Londres ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Verso]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Laclau]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ernesto]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mouffe]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Chantal]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Hegemonía y estrategia socialista]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Buenos Aires ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Siglo XXI Editores]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lipset]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Seymour Martin]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[El hombre político: las bases sociales de la política]]></source>
<year>1959</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Madrid ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Tecnos]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lynch]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[John]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Hispanoamérica 1750-1850. Ensayos sobre la sociedad y el Estado]]></source>
<year>1987</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Bogotá ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional de Colombia]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Macfarlane]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alan]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Peter Worsley: A Life]]></source>
<year>1989</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Magrini]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ana Lucía]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Descentrando el populismo: peronismo en Argentina, gaitanismo en Colombia y lo perdurable de sus identidades políticas]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Bogotá ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Editorial de la Universidad del Rosario]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Manifesto for Renewing Liberalism</collab>
<source><![CDATA[The Economist]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>428</volume>
<numero>9109</numero>
<issue>9109</issue>
<page-range>13-4</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mouffe]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Chantal]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La paradoja democrática]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Buenos Aires ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Gedisa]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mouffe]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Chantal]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Agonística. Pensar el mundo políticamente]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Buenos Aires ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Fondo de Cultura Económica]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B41">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mudde]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Cas]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The populist Zeitgeist]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Government and Opposition]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>39</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>541-63</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B42">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mudde]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Cas]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rovira Kaltwasser]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Cristobal]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Populismo: una breve introducción]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Madrid ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Alianza Editorial]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B43">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Myrdal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gunnar]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and American Democracy]]></source>
<year>1944</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Harper and Brother]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B44">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Palacios]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Marco]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Populistas: el poder de las palabras. Estudios de política]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Bogotá ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional de Colombia]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B45">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Palacios]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Marco]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Industrialisation, dépendance et populisme dans l&#8217;Amérique Latine: Le cas de la Colombie]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Abdel-Malek]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Anouar]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Specificité et Théorie Social]]></source>
<year>1971</year>
<page-range>179-222</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[París ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Editions Anthropos]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B46">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pécaut]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Daniel]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Orden y violencia: Colombia 1930-1953]]></source>
<year>1987</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Siglo XXI]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B47">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Piccone]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Paul]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Postmodern populism]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Telos]]></source>
<year>1995</year>
<numero>103</numero>
<issue>103</issue>
<page-range>45-86</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B48">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Quattrocci-Woison]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Diana]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Les populismes latinoamericains à l&#8217;épreuve des modèles d´intérpretation européens]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Vingtième Siècle. Revue d&#8217;Histoire]]></source>
<year>1997</year>
<volume>56</volume>
<page-range>161-83</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B49">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Quijano]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Aníbal]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wallerstein]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Immanuel]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Americanity as a concept, or the Americas in the modern world-system]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International Social Science Journal]]></source>
<year>1992</year>
<volume>XLIV</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>549-57</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B50">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rebok]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Sandra]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Alexander von Humboldt&#8217;s perceptions of colonial Spanish America]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Dynamys]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>29</volume>
<page-range>49-72</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B51">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rosanvallon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Pierre]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Le siècle du populisme: histoire, théorie, critique]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[París ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Seuil]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B52">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sachs]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jeffrey David]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Social conflict and populist policies in Latin America]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[National Bureu of Economic Research, Working paper]]></source>
<year>1988</year>
<volume>2897</volume>
<page-range>1-33</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B53">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schneider]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Benn Ross]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Hierarchical Capitalism in Latin America: Business, Labor, and the Challenges of Equitable Development]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cambridge ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B54">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schurmann]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Frantz]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Ideology and Organization in Communist China]]></source>
<year>1968</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Berkeley ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[University of California Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B55">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Smith]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Rogers. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Beyond Tocqueville, Myrdal and Hartz: The multiple traditions in America]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The American Political Science Review]]></source>
<year>1993</year>
<volume>87</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>549-66</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B56">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tillery Jr]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alvin B.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Reading Tocqueville behind the veil: African-American receptions of democracy in America, 1835-1900]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[American Political Thought: A Journal of Ideas, Institutions, and Culture]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>7</volume>
<page-range>1-25</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B57">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tocqueville]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alexis de]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La democracia en América]]></source>
<year>1835</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Fondo de Cultura Económica]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B58">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Worsley]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Peter]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[El concepto de populismo]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ionescu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ghita]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gellner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ernest]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[El populismo. Sus significados y características nacionales]]></source>
<year>1970</year>
<page-range>258-304</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Buenos Aires ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Amorrortu]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B59">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zeuske]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Michael]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Spanish Revolution in Latin America]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Forest]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alan]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Middell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Matthias]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Routledge Companion to the French Revolution in World History]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<page-range>77-95</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Londres ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Routledge]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
