<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0187-7585</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista del Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. Inst. Nal. Enf. Resp. Mex.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0187-7585</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0187-75852005000400011</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Papel de las células epiteliales en la respuesta inmune del pulmón]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Immunological role of epithelial cells of the lung]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rivas-Santiago]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Bruno Tonatiuh]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Torres Rojas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Martha]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bobadilla Lozoya]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Karen]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A03"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sada Díaz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Eduardo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A02">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Politécnico Ncaional Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados Departamento de Patología Experimental]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[D.F ]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[D.F. ]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Departamento de Investigación en Microbiología ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[DF. ]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2005</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2005</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>18</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<fpage>321</fpage>
<lpage>326</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0187-75852005000400011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0187-75852005000400011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0187-75852005000400011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[El sistema respiratorio se encuentra en contacto con agentes patógenos; sin embargo, gracias a la respuesta inmune innata de éste, sólo en raras ocasiones se produce la enfermedad. Las células epiteliales del tracto respiratorio desempeñan un papel importante para evitar la colonización del pulmón por agentes infecciosos, identificando a los microorganismos a través de receptores especializados como los toll-like. Asimismo, son capaces de secretar citocinas, péptidos antimicrobianos y otras moléculas proinflamatorias, las cuales evitan el establecimiento de patógenos]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[The respiratory tract is one of the main systems which is in perennial contact with a wide variety of pathogenic microorganisms; however, infection is seldom produced due to its innate immune response. Respiratory tract epithelial cells play a very important role to avoid colonization of the lung by infectious agents, because they recognize microbial molecules through very specialized receptors, such as toll-like receptors; moreover, these cells posses a broad variety of molecules which are related to local immunity. Respiratory tract epithelial cells produce chemokines, antimicrobial peptides and other proinflammatory molecules that prevent the establishment of pathogenic microorganisms]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Células epiteliales]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[péptidos antimicrobianos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[defensinas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[inmunidad innata]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Epithelial cells]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[antimicrobial peptides]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[defensins]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[innate immunity]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[ <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="4">Revisi&oacute;n</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="4"><b>Papel de las c&eacute;lulas epiteliales en la respuesta inmune del pulm&oacute;n</b></font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="3"><b>Immunological role of epithelial cells of the lung</b></font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Bruno Tonatiuh Rivas&#150;Santiago<sup>*,<i><img src="/img/revistas/iner/v18n4/as1.jpg"></i></sup> Martha Torres Rojas* Karen Bobadilla Lozoya<sup>*,<i><img src="/img/revistas/iner/v18n4/as2.jpg"></i></sup>Eduardo Sada D&iacute;az*</b></font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i>* Departamento de Investigaci&oacute;n en Microbiolog&iacute;a, INER. M&eacute;xico, D.F.</i></font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i> <img src="/img/revistas/iner/v18n4/as1.jpg">  Departamento de Patolog&iacute;a Experimental. Centro de Investigaci&oacute;n y Estudios Avanzados del IPN. M&eacute;xico D.F.</i></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i><img src="/img/revistas/iner/v18n4/as2.jpg">  Instituto de Investigaciones Biom&eacute;dicas, UNAM. M&eacute;xico, D.F.</i></font></p>     <p align="justify">&nbsp;</p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Correspondencia:    <br> </b></font><font face="verdana" size="2"><i>Dr. Eduardo Sada D&iacute;az.    <br>   Departamento de Investigaci&oacute;n en Microbiolog&iacute;a.    <br> Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias.    <br> Calzada de Tlalpan N&uacute;m. 4502, colonia Secci&oacute;n XVI. M&eacute;xico, DF., 14080.    <br> Tel&eacute;fono 5666&#150;4539, extensi&oacute;n 117, fax 5666&#150;6172.</i>    <br> <i>e&#150;mail</i>:<a href="mailto:btrivas@iner.gob.mx">btrivas@iner.gob.mx</a> <a href="mailto:eduardosadadiaz@yahoo.com">eduardosadadiaz@yahoo.com</a></font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify">&nbsp;</p>     <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="verdana">Trabajo recibido: 22&#150;VI&#150;2005    <br> Aceptado: 03&#150;X&#150;2005</font></p>     <p align="justify">&nbsp;</p>     <p align="justify"><font size="2" face="verdana"><b>RESUMEN</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i>El sistema respiratorio se encuentra en contacto con agentes pat&oacute;genos; sin embargo, gracias a la respuesta inmune innata de &eacute;ste, s&oacute;lo en raras ocasiones se produce la enfermedad. Las c&eacute;lulas epiteliales del tracto respiratorio desempe&ntilde;an un papel importante para evitar la colonizaci&oacute;n del pulm&oacute;n por agentes infecciosos, identificando a los microorganismos a trav&eacute;s de receptores especializados como los </i>toll&#150;like. <i>Asimismo, son capaces de secretar citocinas, p&eacute;ptidos antimicrobianos y otras mol&eacute;culas proinflamatorias, las cuales evitan el establecimiento de pat&oacute;genos.</i></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Palabras clave: </b>C&eacute;lulas epiteliales, p&eacute;ptidos antimicrobianos, defensinas, inmunidad innata.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>ABSTRACT</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><i>The respiratory tract is one of the main systems which is in perennial contact with a wide variety of pathogenic microorganisms; however, infection is seldom produced due to its innate immune response. Respiratory tract epithelial cells play a very important role to avoid colonization of the lung by infectious agents, because they recognize microbial molecules through very specialized receptors, such as toll&#150;like receptors; moreover, these cells posses a broad variety of molecules which are related to local immunity. Respiratory tract epithelial cells produce chemokines, antimicrobial peptides and other proinflammatory molecules that prevent the establishment of pathogenic microorganisms.</i></font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Key words: </b>Epithelial cells, antimicrobial peptides, defensins, innate immunity.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>INTRODUCCI&Oacute;N</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">El pulm&oacute;n es uno de los &oacute;rganos que m&aacute;s contacto tiene con los microorganismos; inhala aproximadamente 10,000 litros de aire al d&iacute;a, por lo que est&aacute; expuesto a una enorme cantidad de microorganismos que la mayor&iacute;a de las veces son incapaces de colonizarlo debido a una respuesta inmune innata efectiva<sup>1</sup>, la cual, en el pulm&oacute;n, est&aacute; dada principalmente por barreras f&iacute;sicas, as&iacute; como por c&eacute;lulas de defensa como los neutr&oacute;filos, macr&oacute;fagos, c&eacute;lulas cebadas, bas&oacute;filos, eosin&oacute;filos y c&eacute;lulas asesinas (NK).</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Se pensaba que las c&eacute;lulas epiteliales s&oacute;lo actuaban como barrera f&iacute;sica y secretando moco y algunas enzimas. Recientemente se describi&oacute; que las c&eacute;lulas epiteliales contribuyen activamente con el sistema inmune secretando varias mol&eacute;culas relacionadas con la respuesta inmune, como las quimiocinas, citocinas y defensinas, entre otras<sup>2</sup>.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>Objetivo. </b>Resaltar el papel de las c&eacute;lulas epiteliales del tracto respiratorio en la inmunidad del pulm&oacute;n.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>RECONOCIMIENTO DE MOL&Eacute;CULAS PROPIAS DE PAT&Oacute;GENOS POR LAS C&Eacute;LULAS EPITELIALES</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Una vez que los microorganismos son inhalados establecen contacto, primeramente, con las c&eacute;lulas epiteliales; &eacute;stas, aparte de tener un papel estructural, tienen uno en la respuesta inmune primaria en contra de microorganismos, ya que pueden reconocer al microorganismo e iniciar una respuesta inmune. Se sabe que los microorganismos tienen mol&eacute;culas propias, que pueden ser reconocidas por el sistema inmune, son llamadas mol&eacute;culas asociadas a pat&oacute;genos (PAM, por sus siglas en ingl&eacute;s), y reconocidos por receptores localizados sobre la membrana de las c&eacute;lulas hu&eacute;sped. Estos receptores son conocidos como receptores de reconocimiento de pat&oacute;genos (PRR, por sus siglas en ingl&eacute;s), de los cuales podemos mencionar las lectinas de uni&oacute;n a ma&ntilde;osa (MBL), receptores tipo <i>toll, </i>CD14, entre otros<sup>3</sup>. No obstante que las c&eacute;lulas de defensa "cl&aacute;sicas", como los macr&oacute;fagos, neutr&oacute;filos y c&eacute;lulas dendr&iacute;ticas tienen una gran cantidad y variabilidad de este tipo de receptores<sup>4</sup>, las c&eacute;lulas epiteliales del tracto respiratorio tambi&eacute;n poseen este tipo de receptores<sup>5,</sup><sup>6</sup>. Los ligandos para este tipo de receptores son muy variados; pueden ser mol&eacute;culas constituyentes de la membrana de bacterias u hongos o material gen&eacute;tico de bacterias o virus<sup>7&#150;13</sup>. A la fecha, se han reconocido varios PRR en la superficie de las c&eacute;lulas epiteliales de pulm&oacute;n<sup>3&#150;6</sup>. Los PRR se pueden presentar de manera soluble en secreciones o en la circulaci&oacute;n; tal es el caso de MBL, o bien, este tipo de receptores pueden estar presentes en la superficie de la c&eacute;lula con una porci&oacute;n intracelular y una extracelular; dentro de esta clase, en las c&eacute;lulas epiteliales destacan los receptores parecidos a <i>toll (toll&#150;like receptors, </i>&#91;TLR&#93;) que se han estudiado mucho a lo largo de los &uacute;ltimos diez a&ntilde;os, habiendo identificado 13 TLR<sup>14</sup>. La uni&oacute;n de los TLR con su ligando <a href="#f1">(Figura 1)</a> induce la activaci&oacute;n de una gran variedad de genes en las c&eacute;lulas epiteliales que regulan la expresi&oacute;n de IL&#150;6, TNF, receptores de quimiocinas y p&eacute;ptidos antimicrobianos<sup>4,</sup><sup>6,</sup><sup>7</sup>.</font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2"><a name="f1"></a></font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2"><img src="/img/revistas/iner/v18n4/a11f1.jpg"></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Algunos componentes propios de la respuesta inmune pueden servir de ligandos para los TLR de las c&eacute;lulas epiteliales del tracto respiratorio, tal es el caso de la prote&iacute;na surfactante tipo A (SP&#150;A), la cual tambi&eacute;n es capaz de activar macr&oacute;fagos alveolares v&iacute;a TLR4 e inducir la producci&oacute;n de IL&#150;8 en las c&eacute;lulas epiteliales<sup>15,</sup><sup>16</sup>. Los p&eacute;ptidos antimicrobianos &beta;&#150;defensina&#150;2 murina (mBD&#150;2) y LL&#150;37, son otro ejemplo claro de activaci&oacute;n v&iacute;a TLR. Este tipo de p&eacute;ptido antimicrobiano puede activar c&eacute;lulas dendr&iacute;ticas inmaduras v&iacute;a TLR4, dando como resultado un aumento de mol&eacute;culas coestimulatorias y la maduraci&oacute;n de la c&eacute;lula dendr&iacute;tica<sup>17,</sup><sup>18</sup>.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>RESPUESTA DE LAS C&Eacute;LULAS EPITELIALES DE TRACTO RESPIRATORIO A PAT&Oacute;GENOS</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Como se mencion&oacute;, las c&eacute;lulas epiteliales primero tienen que reconocer las mol&eacute;culas propias del pat&oacute;geno o mol&eacute;culas mediadoras de inflamaci&oacute;n y lo logran principalmente a trav&eacute;s de receptores como los TLR y CD14<sup>4,</sup><sup>6</sup><sup>,7</sup>. Existe una gran variedad de mol&eacute;culas que pueden ser secretadas por las c&eacute;lulas epiteliales en respuesta a PAM <a href="/img/revistas/iner/v18n4/a11t1.jpg" target="_blank">(Tabla I)</a>, de las cuales podemos resaltar los p&eacute;ptidos antimicrobianos por su gran versatilidad. Los p&eacute;ptidos antimicrobianos tienen la capacidad de matar directamente al microorganismo, sirven como quimioatrayentes, opsonizan, son puente entre la inmunidad innata y la inmunidad adaptativa al inducir la maduraci&oacute;n de c&eacute;lulas dendr&iacute;ticas inmaduras; adem&aacute;s, participan en la reparaci&oacute;n de tejido afectado, promoviendo la angiog&eacute;nesis y proliferaci&oacute;n celular<sup>19,</sup><sup>20</sup>.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Las mol&eacute;culas que tienen un efecto microbicida directo son principalmente los p&eacute;ptidos antimicrobianos, de bajo peso molecular (3&#150;4.5 kD) y son principalmente cati&oacute;nicos<sup>21&#150;23</sup>; tienen un amplio espectro en contra de bacterias Gram positivas, Gram negativas, hongos y virus envueltos<sup>23</sup><sup>,24</sup>. Los p&eacute;ptidos, por su carga positiva, son atra&iacute;dos por la membrana del microorganismo que regularmente tiene carga negativa. La uni&oacute;n de los p&eacute;ptidos con la membrana ocasiona que se aglutinen formando poros en la membrana del microorganismo, llevando as&iacute; a su lisis<sup>22&#150;24</sup> <a href="#f2">(Figura 2)</a>. Los p&eacute;ptidos antimicrobianos son sin&eacute;rgicos con mol&eacute;culas de defensa, tales como la lisosima y la lactoferrina<sup>24</sup>. De acuerdo con su estructura, existen varias clasificaciones de este tipo de p&eacute;ptidos antimicrobianos<sup>24</sup>; hay dos tipos muy importantes en el tracto respiratorio, las catelicidinas y las defensinas. Estos p&eacute;ptidos son producidos principalmente por las c&eacute;lulas epiteliales y por algunas c&eacute;lulas fagoc&iacute;ticas<sup>19,24,25</sup>; en su mayor&iacute;a son inducibles, el est&iacute;mulo puede ser por citocinas proinflamatorias como TNF&alpha; e IL&#150;1, PAM u otro tipo de p&eacute;ptidos antimicrobianos como catelicidinas<sup>26,</sup><sup>27</sup>, pero tambi&eacute;n existen aquellos que son sintetizados constitutivamente como es el caso de la &beta;&#150;defensina&#150;1. Se ha observado que en algunas enfermedades de pulm&oacute;n como fibrosis qu&iacute;stica, neumon&iacute;a infecciosa, bronquitis cr&oacute;nica, sarcoidosis y fibrosis pulmonar idiop&aacute;tica, los niveles de defensinas est&aacute;n claramente aumentados, lo que indica que son inducibles y est&aacute;n involucradas dentro de la inmunopatog&eacute;nesis de varias enfermedades; tal es el caso de la neumon&iacute;a causada por <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa </i>donde se ha visto que se incrementa la cantidad de &beta;&#150;defensina&#150;2 en el lavado bronquiolo alveolar; adem&aacute;s, se observ&oacute; que este tipo de bacteria es susceptible a la acci&oacute;n bactericida de este tipo de defensina<sup>26</sup>. En enfermos con fibrosis qu&iacute;stica, la alta cantidad de NaCI en pulm&oacute;n de estos pacientes inactiva las defensinas de &eacute;ste debido a la carga del NaCI, misma que da lugar a una infecci&oacute;n por <i>Pseudomonas </i>muy dif&iacute;cil de controlar; inclusive, cuando hay una gran cantidad de anticuerpos circulantes en contra de <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa, </i>la neumon&iacute;a progresa hasta sus &uacute;ltimas consecuencias al estar inactivas las defensinas<sup>28</sup>.</font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2"><a name="f2"></a></font></p>     <p align="center"><font face="verdana" size="2"><img src="/img/revistas/iner/v18n4/a11f2.jpg"></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">El <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis </i>(Mtb) puede invadir las c&eacute;lulas epiteliales de pulm&oacute;n y quedar ah&iacute; de forma latente<sup>35</sup><sup>,36</sup>; por otra parte, estudios recientes han demostrado que las c&eacute;lulas epiteliales son capaces de producir &oacute;xido n&iacute;trico en respuesta a esta invasi&oacute;n y eliminar la micobacteria<sup>37</sup>.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Nuestro grupo demostr&oacute; que Mtb induce la expresi&oacute;n de &beta;&#150;defensina&#150;2 en c&eacute;lulas epiteliales de pulm&oacute;n y que este p&eacute;ptido mata a Mtb; tambi&eacute;n, ha demostrado que ratones que producen una mayor cantidad de &beta;&#150;defensina&#150;3 murina, son menos susceptibles a desarrollar tuberculosis pulmonar progresiva, que los producidos en menor escala (datos no publicados). Los datos revelan que los p&eacute;ptidos antimicrobianos generados por las c&eacute;lulas epiteliales de pulm&oacute;n colaboran en la respuesta inmune innata y tienen una actividad antimicrobiana directa hacia Mtb. En otros estudios se ha visto que ratones <i>knock out </i>para el gen &beta;&#150;defensina&#150;1, sucumben a la infecci&oacute;n de <i>Haemophilus influenzae<sup>29</sup>. </i>La sobreexpresi&oacute;n causada por transfecci&oacute;n viral de la prote&iacute;na antimicrobiana&#150;18 relacionada con cetelina, la cual es el hom&oacute;logo de LL&#150;37, dio como resultado el aumento de la respuesta inmune innata mediada por p&eacute;ptidos antimicrobianos en neumon&iacute;a y choque s&eacute;ptico, habiendo una gran diferencia significativa entre los animales no transfectados y los transfectados<sup>30</sup><sup>,31</sup>. Otro experimento contundente para demostrar la importancia de los p&eacute;ptidos antimicrobianos secretados por las c&eacute;lulas epiteliales, fue donde se demostr&oacute; que los portadores de <i>Staphylococcus aureus </i>en nariz ten&iacute;an una pobre actividad antimicrobiana en los fluidos nasales<sup>32</sup>. </font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Las c&eacute;lulas epiteliales, adem&aacute;s de producir defensinas y LL&#150;37 que tienen actividad antimicrobiana directa, efecto quimiot&aacute;ctico, sirven como puente entre la inmunidad innata y la adaptativa ya que tienen efecto quimiot&aacute;ctico sobre c&eacute;lulas dendr&iacute;ticas inmaduras, promueven angiog&eacute;nesisy proliferaci&oacute;n para la cicatrizaci&oacute;n de tejido da&ntilde;ado; las c&eacute;lulas epiteliales tambi&eacute;n secretan citocinas, quimiocinas, prote&iacute;nas surfactantes y algunos factores del complemento como C3<sup>33,</sup><sup>34</sup>.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2"><b>CONCLUSIONES</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">En los &uacute;ltimos diez a&ntilde;os se ha puesto mucho &eacute;nfasis a la respuesta inmune innata en pulm&oacute;n y, se ha llegado a la conclusi&oacute;n de que las c&eacute;lulas epiteliales del tracto respiratorio desempe&ntilde;an un papel muy importante en este tipo de inmunidad, en algunos casos cruciales para la evoluci&oacute;n o control de algunas enfermedades. Las c&eacute;lulas epiteliales cuentan con una amplia variedad de mol&eacute;culas que colaboran en la respuesta inmune del hospedero; estas mol&eacute;culas cuentan con actividad muy variada, desde ser antibi&oacute;ticos end&oacute;genos hasta un puente con la inmunidad adquirida. Se ha visto tambi&eacute;n que el sistema de reconocimiento de las c&eacute;lulas epiteliales es muy amplio y pueden reconocer una amplia gama de mol&eacute;culas potencialmente da&ntilde;inas para el hospedero. Asimismo, se ha empezado a estudiar m&aacute;s acerca del papel de las c&eacute;lulas epiteliales en las diferentes inmunopatog&eacute;nesis de las enfermedades infecciosas; sin embargo, hace falta todav&iacute;a mucho por explorar, por ejemplo, posibles polimorfismos existentes en genes de la repuesta inmune en las c&eacute;lulas epiteliales de pulm&oacute;n y c&oacute;mo estos polimorfismos pueden o no, hacer m&aacute;s susceptible a individuos hacia cierto tipo de enfermedades.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="verdana" size="2">Actualmente, el estudio de la respuesta inmune innata en pulm&oacute;n se basa en usar inmunomoduladores que act&uacute;an sobre el comportamiento inmunol&oacute;gico de este tipo de c&eacute;lulas con el fin de controlar cierto tipo de enfermedades; de la misma manera, se est&aacute; usando el conocimiento sobre p&eacute;ptidos antimicrobianos para crear nuevos antibi&oacute;ticos y de esta forma hacer frente a la nueva generaci&oacute;n de 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