<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0187-7380</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista fitotecnia mexicana]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. fitotec. mex]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0187-7380</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sociedad Mexicana de Fitogenética A.C.]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0187-73802025000200163</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.35196/rfm.2025.2.163</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Huella hídrica y huella de carbono del cultivo de espinaca en sistemas hidropónicos]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Water footprint and carbon footprint of spinach cultivation in hydroponic systems]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Liñeiro Astiazaran]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Horacio]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[López Valenzuela]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Blanca Elvira]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bautista Olivas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ana Laura]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Álvarez Chávez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Clara Rosalia]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gaxiola Camacho]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Soila Maribel]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Valenzuela Escoboza]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Fernando Alberto]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mendoza-Cariño]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mayra]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa Facultad de Agricultura del Valle del Fuerte Posgrado en Ciencias Agropecuarias]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Juan José Ríos Sinaloa]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Sonora Departamento de Agricultura y Ganadería ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Hermosillo Sonora]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Sonora Departamento de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas Posgrado en Sustentabilidad]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Hermosillo Sonora]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia Posgrado en Ciencias Agropecuarias]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Culiacán Sinaloa]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af5">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Ciudad de México ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>48</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<fpage>163</fpage>
<lpage>171</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0187-73802025000200163&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0187-73802025000200163&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0187-73802025000200163&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen La producción tradicional de alimentos genera impactos ambientales como la huella hídrica (HH) y la huella de carbono (HC). El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar la HH y la HC del cultivo de espinaca (Spinacia oleracea L.) en los sistemas hidropónicos técnica de la película nutritiva (TPN) e hidroponía profunda (HP), en condiciones de invernadero. La metodología consistió en la germinación del cultivo al aire libre, el trasplante se realizó en los sistemas hidropónicos TPN y HP. El peso fresco promedio se analizó con la prueba t de Student para detectar diferencias entre tratamientos. Finalmente, se calcularon las huellas hídricas directa (HH azul) e indirecta (energía eléctrica y de materiales) y de carbono (HC), con base en el análisis de ciclo de vida y la unidad funcional de 1 kg de espinaca. Según la prueba estadística no hubo diferencia entre tratamientos (p = 0.138). El sistema TPN tuvo una HH de 1714.18 L kg-1, la HC de 198.94 kg CO2 eq kg-1 y rendimiento promedio de 1.79 kg m-2; el sistema HP tuvo una HH de 222.22 L kg-1, HC de 273.15 kg CO2 eq kg-1 y rendimiento de 2.24 kg m-2. El sistema HP fue la mejor alternativa (en términos de L m-2), aunque la HC fue menor en TPN según los indicadores ambientales evaluados.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Summary Traditional food production generates environmental impacts such as water footprint (WF) and carbon footprint (CF). The objective of this study was to evaluate the WF and CF of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) grown in hydroponic systems of nutrient film technique (NFT) and deep water culture (DWC) under greenhouse conditions. The methodology consisted of germination of the crop outdoors, transplantation was performed in the NFT and DWC hydroponic systems. The average fresh weight was analyzed with the Student&#8217;s t-test to detect differences between treatments. Finally, the direct (blue WF), indirect (electrical and material energy), and CF were calculated, based on the life cycle analysis of the functional unit of 1 kg of spinach. According to the statistical test, there was no difference between treatments (p = 0.138). The NFT system had a WF of 1714.18 L kg&#8315;-1, a CF of 198.94 kg CO&#8315; eq kg&#8315;-1, and an average yield of 1.79 kg m-2; the DWC system had a WF of 222.22 L kg&#8315;-1, a CF of 273.15 kg CO2&#8315; eq kg-1, and a yield of 2.24 kg m&#8315;-2. The DWC system proved to be the best alternative in terms of L m&#8315;-2, although the CF was lower in NFT according to the environmental indicators evaluated.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Spinacia oleracea L.]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[análisis del ciclo de vida]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[hidroponía profunda]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[técnica de la película nutritiva]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Spinacia oleracea L.]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[deep water culture]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[life cycle analysis]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[nutrient film technique]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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