<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0187-7372</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Frontera norte]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Frontera norte]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0187-7372</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[El Colegio de la Frontera Norte A.C.]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0187-73722026000100114</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.33679/rfn.v.e2450</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Efectos del TLCAN/T-MEC en la gobernanza regional de la migración calificada]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Effects of NAFTA/USMCA on the Regional Governance of Skilled Migration]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tigau]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Camelia]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ramírez García]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Telésforo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morales]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Erika]]></given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Centro de Investigaciones sobre América del Norte  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Centro Regional de Investigaciones Multidisciplinarias Secretaría de Ciencia, Humanidades, Tecnología e Innovación ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>38</volume>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0187-73722026000100114&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0187-73722026000100114&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0187-73722026000100114&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen El objetivo de ese artículo es contribuir al estudio de la migración calificada en América del Norte desde la perspectiva de la gobernanza de las migraciones, analizando el papel de los acuerdos regionales en la movilidad del capital humano. Los resultados muestran que la gobernanza vigente reproduce las asimetrías económicas de la región, favoreciendo la salida de trabajadores calificados desde México sin consolidar un esquema efectivo de libre circulación de profesionistas. Como limitación, el análisis empírico se sustenta principalmente en la información disponible sobre visas estadounidenses, debido a la ausencia de estadísticas comparables para los tres países. Se concluye que el modelo actual requiere mecanismos regionales de gobernanza más equilibrados para promover una la movilidad de talento más equitativa y eficiente.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract The article contributes to the study of skilled migration in North America, from the perspective of migration governance, analyzing the role of regional agreements in human capital mobility. The findings indicate that the current governance regime reproduces existing regional economic asymmetries by encouraging the outflow of skilled workers from Mexico without establishing an effective framework for the free movement of professionals. A key limitation of the study is that the empirical analysis relies primarily on U.S. visa data due to the lack of comparable statistics across the three countries. The study concludes that a more balanced regional governance framework is needed to promote a more equitable and efficient circulation of talent.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[migrante calificado]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[acuerdos comerciales]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[libre circulación]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[migración laboral]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[política migratoria]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[skilled migrant]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[trade agreements]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[free movement]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[labor migration]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[migration policy]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Allyn]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Cuomo makes plea to medical workers nationwide: &#8220;Please come help us in New York&#8221;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[NPR]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Andreas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Biersteker]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The rebordering of North America: Integration and exclusion in a new security context]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Routledge]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Andrijasevic]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Walters]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The International Organization for Migration and the international government of borders]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Environment and Planning D: Society and Space]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>28</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>977-99</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aneesh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Reseña bibliográfica [Revisión del libro Global &#8220;body-shopping&#8221;: an Indian labor system in the information technology industry, por X. Biao]]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International Review of Modern Sociology]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>34</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>134-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Antoons]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vanderwegen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wambacq]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Winant]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[EU Blue Card scheme: The impact of inconsistent implementation]]></source>
<year>2024</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Fragomen]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aragonés Castañer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Salgado Nieto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[U.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Migración laboral México-Estados Unidos a veinte años del Tratado de Libre Comercio de América del Norte]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>60</volume>
<numero>224</numero>
<issue>224</issue>
<page-range>279-313</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Australian Government</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Designated area migration agreements]]></source>
<year>2024</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Department of Home Affairs]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ayón]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Becerra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Mexican immigrant families under siege: The impact of anti-immigrant policies, discrimination, and the economic crisis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Advances in Social Work]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>14</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>206-28</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[To make better provisions for further British settlement in His Majesty&#8217;s oversea dominions]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[]]></source>
<year>1922</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Broom]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[These are the world&#8217;s biggest trading blocs]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[World Economic Forum]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Coward]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The globalisation of enclosure: Interrogating the geopolitics of empire]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Third World Quarterly]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>26</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>855-71</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cruz-Piñeiro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ruiz-Ochoa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Migración calificada de mexicanos a Estados Unidos mediante visado preferencial]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Papeles de Población]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>16</volume>
<numero>66</numero>
<issue>66</issue>
<page-range>103-35</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Datosmacro</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Comparar países: Estados Unidos y México]]></source>
<year></year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Expansión]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<collab>Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores</collab>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Decreto de 1993 Por el que se aprueban el Tratado de Libre Comercio de América del Norte y los Acuerdos de Cooperación en materia ambiental y laboral, suscritos por los gobiernos de México, Canadá y los Estados Unidos de América]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Diario Oficial de la Federación]]></source>
<year>1993</year>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Durand]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Los migrantes como amenaza. Construcción ideológica, política-electoral y legal del nativismo]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aragonés Castañer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Nuevos escenarios migratorios. Desafíos para México]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<page-range>25-50</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México-Instituto de Investigaciones Económicas]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Emergency Quota Act de 1921]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[]]></source>
<year>1921</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Estados Unidos ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Envoy Global</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Mercosur Residence Agreement: Simplified work and residence for South Americans]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Envoy Global]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>European Commission</collab>
<source><![CDATA[EU Blue Card: Commission welcomes political agreement on new rules for highly skilled migrant workers]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[European Commission]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>European Commission.</collab>
<source><![CDATA[EU Blue Card: Attracting highly qualified talent to the EU]]></source>
<year>2025</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Migration and Home Affairs]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gonzalez-Barrera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Krogstad]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[What we know about illegal immigration from Mexico]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Pew Research Center]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gordon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Investing in low-wage jobs is the wrong way to reduce migration]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[The FLASH: The Fordham Law Archive of Scholarship and History]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Government of Canada</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Employed labour force who worked full year, full time and reported employment income in 2020, 2021 Census]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Grupo Banco Mundial.</collab>
<source><![CDATA[PIB per cápita (US$ a precios actuales)]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Holborn]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L. W.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Intergovernmental partnership for planned migration]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International Migration]]></source>
<year>1961</year>
<volume>1</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>5-17</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<collab>House of Commons of Canada</collab>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Announcement of implementation of Policy of Multiculturalism within bilingual framework]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[House of Commons of Canada]]></source>
<year>1971</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Immigration Act de 1967. Immigration regulations part 1 amended]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[]]></source>
<year>1967</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Canadá ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Instituto Nacional de Estadística Geografía</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Encuesta Nacional de Ingresos y Gastos de los Hogares]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>International Migration Institute</collab>
<source><![CDATA[DEMIG Policy data downloads. Country files: United States]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[International Migration Institute]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lavenex]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Regional migration governance&#8211;building block of global initiatives?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>45</volume>
<numero>8</numero>
<issue>8</issue>
<page-range>1275-93</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lavenex]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Givens]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jurje]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Buchanan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Regional migration governance]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Börzel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Risse]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Oxford handbook of comparative regionalism]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<page-range>457-85</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Oxford University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Ley de Migración reformada]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Diario Oficial de la Federación]]></source>
<year>1926</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Malpert]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Petersen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Business immigration law: strategies for employing foreign nationals]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Law Journal Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nardon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Compion]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schecter]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Skilled immigrant women&#8217;s career trajectories during the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: an international journal]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>41</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>112-28</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nikolaiets]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Umantsiv]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shtunder]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ozhelevskaya]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shcherbakova]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Virtual labor migration: Current trends and development prospects]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Financial and Credit Activity: Problems of Theory and Practice]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<volume>5</volume>
<numero>52</numero>
<issue>52</issue>
<page-range>370-82</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Organización para la Cooperación el Desarrollo Económicos</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Salario promedio anual]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Parker]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vaughan-Williams]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Lines in the sand? Towards an agenda for critical border studies]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Geopolitics]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>14</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>582-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<source><![CDATA[Protocolo de 2018. Por el que se sustituye el Tratado de Libre Comercio de América del Norte (TLCAN) por el Tratado entre los Estados Unidos Mexicanos, los Estados Unidos de América y Canadá (T-MEC)]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Public Law 100-449 de 1988. An Act to implement the United States-Canada Free Trade Agreement.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[]]></source>
<year>1988</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Public Law 102-509 de 1992 [Soviet Scientists Immigration Act]. As amended through P.L. 107- 228 enacted September 30 2002.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[]]></source>
<year>1992</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Estados Unidos ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Public Law 107-56 de 2001 [USA Patriot Act]. Uniting and strengthening America by providing appropriate tools required to intercept and obstruct terrorism]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Estados Unidos ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B41">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Public Law 111-8 de 2009 [Omnibus Appropriations Act]. Making omnibus appropriations for the fiscal year ending September 30 2009 and for other purposes]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Estados Unidos ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B42">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Public Law 414 de 1952 [Immigration and Nationality Act]. An Act to revise laws relating to immigration naturalization and nationality; and for other purposes]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[]]></source>
<year>1952</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Estados Unidos ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B43">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Public Law 89-236 de 1965 [Hart-Celler Act]. To amend the Immigration and Nationality Act, and for other purposes]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[]]></source>
<year>1965</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B44">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ramírez García]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lozano Ascencio]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Desigualdad global y migración calificada de México a Estados Unidos]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Carta Económica Regional]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>29</volume>
<numero>120</numero>
<issue>120</issue>
<page-range>39-65</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B45">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Granjas de EE. UU. contratan veterinarios mexicanos que terminan como peones]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[La Vanguardia]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B46">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Resolución 73/195. Pacto Mundial para la Migración Segura, Ordenada y Regular]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B47">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ruggles]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Flood]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sobek]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brockman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cooper]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Richards]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schouweiler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[IPUMS USA]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[IPUMS]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B48">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ruggles]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Flood]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Foster]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Goeken]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pacas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schouweiler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sobek]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[IPUMS USA]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[IPUMS]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B49">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rymaniak]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Davidavi&#269;ien&#279;]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pérez-Pérez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martínez-Sánchez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[From stationary to remote: Employee risks at pandemic migration of workplaces]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Sustainability]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>13</volume>
<numero>13</numero>
<issue>13</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B50">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schmieg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Connections between trade policy and migration. A sphere of action for the EU]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[SWP Research Paper]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<numero>2019/RP 15</numero>
<issue>2019/RP 15</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B51">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Senate Judiciary Committee</collab>
<source><![CDATA[American Competitiveness in the Twenty-First Century Act]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[U.S. Senate]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B52">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shachar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The race for talent: Highly skilled migrants and competitive immigration regimes]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[NYUL Review]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>81</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>148-206</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B53">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Te Velde]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. W.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Regional integration and poverty]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Routledge]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B54">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Immigration Act de 1952 [1 Elizabeth II, cap. 42]. An Act respecting immigration]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[]]></source>
<year>1952</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Canadá ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B55">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tigau]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[U.S. visas for foreign professionals: Insights on H-1B and TN visas]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Rice University&#8217;s Baker Institute for Public Policy]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B56">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tilly]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The impact of the economic crisis on international migration: A review]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Work, Employment and Society]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>25</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>675-92</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B57">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tsapenko]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I. P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Grishin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I. V.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Virtualization of cross-border labor migration]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Herald of the Russian Academy of Sciences]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>92</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>580-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B58">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>U. S., Department of Homeland Security</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Creation of the Department of Homeland Security]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[U. S., Department of Homeland Security]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B59">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>U. S., Department of Homeland Security</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Yearbook of immigration statistics]]></source>
<year></year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Office of Immigration Statistics]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B60">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Van]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gelatt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ruiz-Soto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[A turning point for the unauthorized immigrant population in the United States]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Migration Policy Institute]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B61">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Verea]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Immigration trends after 20 years of NAFTA]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Norteamérica]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>9</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>109-43</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B62">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zwetsloot]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Strengthening the U.S. AI workforce: A policy and research agenda]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Center for Security and Emerging Technology, Georgetown University]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
