<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0187-6961</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Estudios fronterizos]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Estud. front]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0187-6961</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Autónoma de Baja California]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0187-69612026000100103</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21670/ref.2603181</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Español vs. inglés, ¿estadounidense o mexicano?: migración, idioma e identidad en jóvenes retornados en México]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Spanish vs. English, American or Mexican?: migration, language and identity in young returnees in Mexico]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jacobo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mónica]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Departamento de Política y Cultura ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Xochimilco Ciudad de México]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>27</volume>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0187-69612026000100103&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0187-69612026000100103&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0187-69612026000100103&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen: Este artículo examina la relación entre edad de emigración, edad de retorno, competencias lingüísticas e identidad en migrantes mexicanos retornados de Estados Unidos. El estudio se sitúa en Veracruz y Puebla (2019-2021) y emplea un diseño cuantitativo exploratorio con encuestas a 26 estudiantes universitarios pertenecientes a distintas cohortes migratorias. Los hallazgos sugieren que la emigración temprana favorece el dominio del inglés (aunque sin detrimento del español), mientras que la emigración tardía promueve mayor uso del español, lo mismo que el retorno a edad temprana. Además, emigrar durante la adolescencia se vincula con identidades híbridas, aunque no presenta una asociación clara con la edad de retorno. El valor del estudio radica en integrar una perspectiva longitudinal de la trayectoria migratoria, que vincula edad de emigración y retorno con competencia lingüística e identidad. El tamaño de la muestra, sin embargo, limita las inferencias a poblaciones distintas a la presentada.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract: This article examines the relationship between age at emigration, age at return, linguistic proficiency and identity among Mexican migrants returning from the United States. The study focuses on Veracruz and Puebla (2019-2021) and employs an exploratory quantitative design based on surveys of 26 university students from different migratory cohorts. The findings suggest that early emigration is associated with greater English proficiency without necessarily undermining Spanish, whereas later emigration and early return tend to promote stronger use of Spanish. Additionally, emigrating during adolescence is linked to the development of hybrid identities, although no clear association is found with age at return. The study&#8217;s contribution lies in integrating a longitudinal perspective on migration trajectories, connecting timing of emigration and return with language proficiency and identity formation. However, the small sample size limits the generalizability of the findings beyond the population studied.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[migración de retorno]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[cohorte generacional]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[competencia lingüística]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[identidad]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[edad de retorno]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[return migration]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[generational cohort]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[linguistic proficiency]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[identity]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[age of return]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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