<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0187-6961</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Estudios fronterizos]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Estud. front]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0187-6961</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Autónoma de Baja California]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0187-69612023000100119</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21670/ref.2325136</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Cárteles de la droga y esclavitud sexual en México de mujeres migrantes centroamericanas]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Drug cartels and sexual slavery of migrant women from Central America in Mexico]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Izcara Palacios]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Simón Pedro]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas Unidad Académica Multidisciplinaria de Ciencias, Educación y Humanidades ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Ciudad Victoria ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>24</volume>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0187-69612023000100119&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0187-69612023000100119&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0187-69612023000100119&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen: Esta investigación, sustentada en entrevistas cualitativas realizadas entre 2014 y 2022 con 36 mujeres migrantes centroamericanas capturadas por cárteles de la droga cuando transitaban por México, tiene como objetivo examinar los diferentes repertorios que utilizan estas organizaciones criminales para captar, explotar y someter a las víctimas a una situación de esclavitud sexual. Se concluye que estos grupos delictivos han desarrollado cuatro repertorios diferentes, que tienen como propósito domeñar el cuerpo y mente de las esclavas hasta lograr una total sumisión: el secuestro, el engaño, la captación en el país de origen y la extorsión. En estas organizaciones los roles de víctima y victimario son intercambiables, y las mujeres esclavizadas no son siempre víctimas pasivas, sino que algunas se rescatan a sí mismas utilizando tanto la astucia como la fuerza bruta.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract: This paper, based on qualitative interviews realized between 2014 and 2022 with 36 Central American migrant women captured by drug cartels when they transited through Mexico, aims to examine the different repertories used by criminal organizations to capture, exploit, and subject the victims to a condition of sexual slavery. It is concluded that criminal groups have developed four different repertories, which aim to tame the body and mind of the slaves to achieve total submission: kidnapping, deception, recruitment in the country of origin and extortion. Inside these organizations the roles of victim and perpetrator are interchangeable, and enslaved women are not always passive victims, but some rescue themselves using both astuteness and brute force.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[cárteles de las drogas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[mujeres migrantes]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[prostitución]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[esclavitud sexual]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[México]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[drug cartels]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[migrant women]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[prostitution]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[sexual slavery]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Mexico]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Abdul Hamid]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H. B.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Consent in a trafficking paradigm: exploring the conflation between sex trafficking and voluntary sex work]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[UUM Journal of Legal Studies]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<volume>14</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>161-88</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Agustín]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Sex at the margins. Migration, labour, markets and the rescue industry]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Zed Books]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Amnesty International</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Invisible victims. Migrants on the move in Mexico]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Amnesty International Publications]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Andrade Rubio]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K. L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Secuestro y desaparición forzada de migrantes centroamericanos en Tamaulipas]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Izcara Palacios]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Migración y seguridad fronteriza]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<page-range>77-89</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Dykinson]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Andrade Rubio]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K. L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[La demanda de migrantes indocumentadas en la industria del sexo de Nevada]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Ciencia, Técnica y Mainstreaming Social]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>74-84</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Andrade-Rubio]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K. L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moral-de-la-Rubia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Izcara-Palacios]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[El orden de nacimiento como factor de riesgo para ser víctima de trata sexual en el triángulo norte de Centroamérica]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[CienciaUAT]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<volume>18</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>107-24</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Andrijasevic]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mai]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Editorial: Trafficking (in) representations: understanding the recurring appeal of victimhood and slavery in neoliberal times]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Anti-Trafficking Review]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<numero>7</numero>
<issue>7</issue>
<page-range>1-10</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bales]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Disposable people. New slavery in the global economy]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[University of California Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barrick]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Panichelli]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lambdin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lutnick]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Law enforcement identification of potential trafficking victims]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Crime and Justice]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>44</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>579-94</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Broad]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Turnbull]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[From human trafficking to modern slavery: the development of anti-trafficking policy in the UK]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>25</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>119-33</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Campana]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The structure of human trafficking: lifting the bonnet on a Nigerian transnational network]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The British Journal of Criminology]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>56</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>68-86</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Casillas R.]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[La mundialización del delito. Redes de tráfico y trata de personas en México]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Nueva sociedad]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<numero>241</numero>
<issue>241</issue>
<page-range>122-32</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Comisión Nacional de los Derechos Humanos</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Informe especial sobre los casos de secuestro en contra de migrantes]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Comisión Nacional de los Derechos Humanos</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Informe especial sobre secuestro de migrantes en México]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Comisión Nacional de los Derechos Humanos</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Diagnóstico sobre la situación de la trata de personas en México 2021. Procuración e impartición de justicia]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Correa-Cabrera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Los Zetas Inc. La corporación delictiva que funciona como empresa trasnacional]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Temas de Hoy]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Correa-Cabrera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schaefer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K. B.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Notes on a perilous journey to the United States: irregular migration, trafficking in persons, and organized crime]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Latin American Politics and Society]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>64</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>142-60</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cortés]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Violencia de género y frontera: migrantes centroamericanas en México hacia los EEUU]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[European Review of Latin American and Caribbean Studies]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<numero>105</numero>
<issue>105</issue>
<page-range>39-60</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cruz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[O&#8217;Connell Davidson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sánchez Taylor]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Tourism and sexual violence and exploitation in Jamaica: contesting the &#8216;trafficking and modern slavery&#8217; frame]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of the British Academy]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>7</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>191-216</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[De la Rosa Rodríguez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P. I.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Violencia contra migrantes: escenario común tras la guerra contra el crimen organizado en México]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista IUS]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>15</volume>
<numero>47</numero>
<issue>47</issue>
<page-range>209-32</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[De la Rosa Rodríguez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P. I.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Mexican war against drug cartels, traffickers&#8217; collateral incentive to commit crimes against undocumented immigrants]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Estudios Fronterizos]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>23</volume>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[De Miguel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Neoliberalismo sexual. El mito de la libre elección]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Ediciones Cátedra]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Department of State</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Trafficking in persons report. 20th edition]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Doezema]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Sex slaves and discourse masters. The construction of trafficking]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Zed Books]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Durand]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[El oficio de investigar]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ariza]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Velasco]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Métodos cualitativos y su aplicación empírica. Por los caminos de la investigación sobre migración internacional]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<page-range>47-75</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[UNAM/El Colegio de la Frontera Norte]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Farley]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Risks of prostitution: when the person is the product]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of the Association for Consumer Research]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>3</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>97-108</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Farrell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Owens]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McDevitt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[New laws but few cases: understanding the challenges to the investigation and prosecution of human trafficking cases]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Crime, Law and Social Change]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>61</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>139-68</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fraisse]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Del consentimiento]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[El Colegio de México]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Furlong]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Netzahualcoyotzi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Migración, trata e infancia en el Plan Mesoamérica]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[REBELA-Revista Brasileira de Estudos Latino-Americanos]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>3</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>47-64</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gabanes García]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Reencuentros con la violencia. Personas procedentes del Triángulo Norte de Centroamérica a su paso por Tenosique, México]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Estudios humanísticos. Historia]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<numero>17</numero>
<issue>17</issue>
<page-range>205-25</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gambetta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Sicilian mafia: the business of private protection]]></source>
<year>1993</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Harvard University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>International Labour Organization, Walk Free Foundation &amp; International Organization for Migration</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Global estimates of modern slavery: forced labour and forced marriage]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Izcara Palacios]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Esclavitud sexual de mujeres migrantes, criminalidad y corrupción policial en México]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Andamios]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>19</volume>
<numero>48</numero>
<issue>48</issue>
<page-range>93-120</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jeffreys]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The idea of prostitution]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Spinifex Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kara]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Tráfico sexual. El negocio de la esclavitud moderna]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Alianza Editorial]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kempadoo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The war on human trafficking in the Caribbean]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Race &amp; Class]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>49</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>79-85</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kempadoo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Revitalizando o imperialismo: campanhas contemporâneas contra o tráfico sexual e escravidão moderna]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Cadernos pagu]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<numero>47</numero>
<issue>47</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kumar Acharya]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Mujeres invisibles y victimización sexual en México: el caso de la trata de mujeres en Monterrey]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Estudios Sociales]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>21</volume>
<numero>42</numero>
<issue>42</issue>
<page-range>233-58</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kuschminder]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Triandafyllidou]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Smuggling, trafficking, and extortion: new conceptual and policy challenges on the Libyan route to Europe]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Antipode]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>52</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>206-26</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>League of Nations</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Convention to suppress the slave trade and slavery]]></source>
<year>1926</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B41">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[López Marroquín]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Desaparición, esclavitud y trata de personas: situación de las mujeres en México]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Cuicuilco. Revista de Ciencias Antropológicas]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>26</volume>
<numero>74</numero>
<issue>74</issue>
<page-range>163-81</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B42">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Luna]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Affective atmospheres of terror on the Mexico-U.S. border: rumors of violence in Reynosa&#8217;s prostitution zone]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Cultural Anthropology]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>33</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>58-84</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B43">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Members of the Research Network on the Legal Parameters of Slavery</collab>
<source><![CDATA[The Bellagio-Harvard guidelines on the legal parameters of slavery]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B44">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nuñez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fuentes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Facing a double standard: prostitution in Mexico City, 1521-2006]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodríguez García]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Heerma van Voss]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[van Nederveen Meerkerk]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Selling sex in the city: a global history of prostitution, 1600s-2000s]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<page-range>441-65</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Brill]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B45">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[O&#8217;Connell Davidson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Modern slavery. The margins of freedom]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Palgrave Macmillan]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B46">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[París-Pombo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Trayectos peligrosos: inseguridad y movilidad humana en México]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Papeles de población]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>22</volume>
<numero>90</numero>
<issue>90</issue>
<page-range>145-72</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B47">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pereyra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[México: violencia criminal y &#8220;guerra contra el narcotráfico&#8221;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista Mexicana de Sociología]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>74</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>429-60</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B48">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ramos Lira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Saucedo González]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Saltijeral Méndez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Crimen organizado y violencia contra las mujeres: discurso oficial y percepción ciudadana]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista mexicana de sociología]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>78</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>655-84</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B49">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Reig]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Periodismo y muerte: bases teóricas y psicosociales, y el caso de México]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Razón y Palabra]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<numero>74</numero>
<issue>74</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B50">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Riediger-Röhm]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[¿México: ruta de la muerte o camino hacia una vida mejor?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Iberofórum. Revista de Ciencias Sociales de la Universidad Iberoamericana]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>8</volume>
<numero>16</numero>
<issue>16</issue>
<page-range>167-82</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B51">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Salt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stein]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Migration as a business: the case of trafficking]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International migration]]></source>
<year>1997</year>
<volume>35</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>467-94</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B52">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sánchez Linde]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[La trata ilegal de personas: principales aspectos criminológicos]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Quadernos de criminología: revista de criminología y ciencias forenses]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<numero>16</numero>
<issue>16</issue>
<page-range>20-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B53">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Thill]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Giménez Armentia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[El enfoque de género: un requisito necesario para el abordaje de la trata de seres humanos con fines de explotación sexual]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista Europea de Derechos Fundamentales]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<numero>27</numero>
<issue>27</issue>
<page-range>439-59</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B54">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tójar Hurtado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Investigación cualitativa. Comprender y actuar]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[La Muralla]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B55">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Treviño Rangel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8216;Cheap merchandise&#8217;: atrocity and undocumented migrants in transit in Mexico&#8217;s war on drugs]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Critical Sociology]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>47</volume>
<numero>4-5</numero>
<issue>4-5</issue>
<page-range>777-93</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B56">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>United Nations</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Supplementary convention on the abolition of slavery, the slave trade, and institutions and practices similar to slavery]]></source>
<year>1956</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B57">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Walk Free Foundation</collab>
<source><![CDATA[The global slavery index 2013]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B58">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Walk Free Foundation</collab>
<source><![CDATA[The global slavery index 2018]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B59">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Walters]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Davis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P. H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Human trafficking, sex tourism, and child exploitation on the southern border]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Applied Research on Children]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>2</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B60">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Weitzer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Modern slavery and human trafficking]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Great Decisions]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>41-52</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B61">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zimmerman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Watts]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[WHO ethical and safety recommendations for interviewing trafficked women]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[World Health Organization]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
