<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0187-6961</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Estudios fronterizos]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Estud. front]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0187-6961</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Autónoma de Baja California]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0187-69612022000100014</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21670/ref.2214098</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Protección de regiones-ciudades fronterizas ubicadas entre Estados con armas nucleares y Estados sin armas nucleares: nuevas normas en el derecho internacional]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Protection of border regions-cities located between states possessing nuclear weapons and non nuclear weapon states: new norms in international law]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Torres Sandoval]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Joshua]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Facultad de Derecho Campus Tijuana ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Tijuana ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>23</volume>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0187-69612022000100014&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0187-69612022000100014&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0187-69612022000100014&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen: El objetivo de este artículo es analizar las regiones-ciudades fronterizas entre Estados con armas nucleares y Estados sin armas nucleares para una propuesta de norma de protección orientada a prevenir el riesgo de ataque nuclear. La investigación identificó Estados, cantidad de ciudades y de población de las regiones fronterizas y comparó la cantidad de población de las regiones fronterizas con la población cubierta por los tratados de zonas libres de armas nucleares y los tratados de regiones-áreas geográficas libres de armas nucleares. El estudio analizó las consecuencias humanitarias de una hipotética detonación nuclear en una región fronteriza entre Estados Unidos y México (caso Tijuana-San Diego) y sus implicaciones geopolíticas en la seguridad internacional. Las conclusiones exponen que las regiones fronterizas son vulnerables ante la ausencia de normas, y la propuesta es viable para la creación de una norma internacional de protección compatible con los tratados que buscan el desarme nuclear.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract: The objective of this article is to analyze the border regions-cities between States possessing nuclear weapons and non-nuclear-weapon States for a norm proposal of protection to prevent the risk of a nuclear attack. The research identified States, the number of cities and population of border regions, and compared the amount of population of such regions with the population covered by the treaties of the nuclear-weapons-free zones and the treaties of nuclear-weapon-free geographical regions-areas. The study analyzed the humanitarian consequences of a hypothetical nuclear detonation in a border region between the United States and Mexico (Tijuana-San Diego case) and its geopolitical implications for international security. The conclusions expose that the border regions are vulnerable in the absence of norms, and the proposal is viable for the creation of an international norm of protection compatible with the treaties that seek nuclear disarmament.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[regiones ciudades fronterizas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[norma de protección]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[impacto humanitario]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[desarme nuclear]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[tratados internacionales]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[border regions and cities]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[protection norm]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[humanitarian impact]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[nuclear disarmament]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[international treaties]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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