<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0187-6236</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Atmósfera]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Atmósfera]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0187-6236</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y Cambio Climático]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0187-62362026000100102</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.20937/atm.53487</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Assessing the convective available potential energy and convective inhibition derived from ERA5 data over eastern India]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bandary]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Abheendra]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kumar Sahu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Rajesh]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tyagi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Bhishma]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar School of Earth, Ocean and Climate Sciences ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ Odisha]]></addr-line>
<country>India</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,CSIR-Fourth Paradigm Institute  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Bengaluru Karnataka]]></addr-line>
<country>India</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,National Institute of Technology Rourkela Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Rourkela Odisha]]></addr-line>
<country>India</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>40</volume>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0187-62362026000100102&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0187-62362026000100102&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0187-62362026000100102&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[ABSTRACT Convective available potential energy (CAPE) and convective inhibition (CIN) are widely used thermodynamic indicators for diagnosing convective environments and supporting nowcasting of thunderstorm potential. Because reanalysis products provide continuous spatial coverage and long-term consistency, they are increasingly applied for regional assessments of convective instability. However, their reliability depends on how well they reproduce the observed vertical thermodynamic structure. This study evaluates ERA5-derived CAPE and CIN against radiosonde observations for the pre-monsoon season (March-May) over eastern India, during 1987-2016 at Bhubaneswar and Kolkata, and 1994-2016 at Ranchi. The analysis shows that ERA5 CAPE biases are strongly dependent on station, month, and launch time. At 00:00 UTC, ERA5 CAPE is slightly underestimated at Bhubaneswar in March but becomes overestimated in April and May, while Kolkata exhibits consistent CAPE overestimation across March to May; Ranchi shows a significant overestimation at 00:00 UTC, intensifying toward May. At 12:00 UTC, ERA5 CAPE underestimated values in March at Bhubaneswar and Kolkata but shifted to significantly overestimated values in April-May. For CIN, ERA5 consistently overestimates values at 00:00 UTC at all three stations (except for Kolkata in May), while at 12:00 UTC, it is generally overestimated at Bhubaneswar and Ranchi, and it shows a sign change at Kolkata (negative in March, positive in April-May). Correlations between ERA5 and radiosonde CAPE and CIN are weak, suggesting limited skill in reproducing day-to-day variability. Profile diagnostics further indicate that temperature is well represented by ERA5, whereas relative humidity errors (most pronounced at Ranchi) dominate the instability biases.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[RESUMEN La energía potencial convectiva disponible (CAPE, por su sigla en inglés) y la inhibición convectiva (CIN) son indicadores termodinámicos ampliamente utilizados para diagnosticar entornos convectivos y respaldar la predicción inmediata del potencial de tormentas eléctricas. Dado que los productos de reanálisis proporcionan una cobertura espacial continua y consistencia a largo plazo, se aplican cada vez más en evaluaciones regionales de inestabilidad convectiva. Sin embargo, su confiabilidad depende de qué tan bien reproduzcan la estructura termodinámica vertical observada. Este estudio evalúa la CAPE y la CIN derivadas de ERA5 frente a observaciones de radiosonda para la temporada premonzónica (marzo-mayo) en el este de la India: durante 1987-2016 en Bhubaneswar y Calcuta y durante 1994-2016 en Ranchi. El análisis muestra que los sesgos de la CAPE de ERA5 dependen en gran medida de la estación, el mes y la hora de lanzamiento. A las 00:00 UTC, la CAPE de ERA5 está ligeramente subestimada en Bhubaneswar durante marzo, pero se sobreestima en abril y mayo, mientras que en Calcuta se observa una sobreestimación constante de marzo a mayo. Por su parte, la CAPE de Ranchi muestra una sobreestimación significativa a las 00:00 UTC, que se intensifica en mayo. A las 12:00 UTC, los valores de CAPE de ERA5 están subestimados en marzo en Bhubaneswar y Calcuta, pero cambian a significativamente sobreestimados en abril-mayo. Respecto a la CIN, ERA5 sobreestima constantemente los valores a las 00:00 UTC en las tres estaciones (excepto en Calcuta en mayo), en tanto que a las 12:00 UTC, está generalmente sobreestimada en Bhubaneswar y Ranchi y muestra un cambio de signo en Calcuta (negativo en marzo, positivo en abril-mayo). Las correlaciones entre los valores de CAPE y CIN de ERA5 y los de radiosonda son débiles, lo que sugiere una capacidad limitada para reproducir la variabilidad diaria. Los diagnósticos del perfil indican, además, que la temperatura está bien representada por ERA5, mientras que los errores de humedad relativa (más pronunciados en Ranchi) dominan los sesgos de inestabilidad.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[radiosonde]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[thunderstorms]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[convection]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[reanalysis data]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[thermodynamic indices]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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