<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0187-6236</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Atmósfera]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Atmósfera]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0187-6236</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y Cambio Climático]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0187-62362025000100131</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.20937/atm.53415</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Precipitation climatology and ENSO influence in the Grijalva sub-basins]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[García-Loginova]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Vladimir]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zavala-Hidalgo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jorge]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[García-Reyes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ángel Manuel]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Straffon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alejandra]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Instituto de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y Cambio Climático ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Ciudad de México ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>39</volume>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0187-62362025000100131&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0187-62362025000100131&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0187-62362025000100131&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[ABSTRACT The Grijalva basin is of great relevance in southern Mexico because it receives the highest precipitation and has the most extensive hydroelectric system in the country. In addition, the lower basin has been impacted by extreme flooding in recent years. It is the source of water for several million people and the regional industry. For this study, the basin was divided into four sub-basins: Angostura, Chicoasén, Malpaso, and Peñitas. Each of these sub-basins has a dam that helps regulate the water flow and generate hydroelectric energy. To better understand the region&#8217;s climatology, this study uses long-term rainfall observations from sub-basins to describe precipitation patterns and their variability. Various statistics are computed to describe the annual precipitation cycle for each sub-basin. The results show that Angostura, Chicoasén, and Malpaso share a common climatology, with precipitation peaks in June and September and a mid-summer drought (MSD) in July. Peñitas receives considerably more precipitation throughout the year, with the highest values in October-November. In all sub-basins, La Niña (El Niño) years are characterized by increased (decreased) precipitation in the rainy season. The study demonstrates that the extreme precipitation observed during La Niña years in late summer and autumn is mainly due to an increased number of tropical cyclones over the western Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico. The interquartile range and other percentile values of monthly precipitation provide additional information that may be useful for dam management.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[RESUMEN La cuenca del Grijalva es de gran relevancia en el sur de México debido a que tiene la mayor precipitación y el sistema hidroeléctrico más extenso del país. Además, la cuenca baja ha sido afectada por inundaciones extremas en años recientes. Es la fuente de agua para millones de personas y la industria regional. Para este estudio, la cuenca se dividió en cuatro subcuencas: Angostura, Chicoasén, Malpaso y Peñitas. Cada una de estas subcuencas tiene una presa que ayuda a regular el caudal y a generar energía hidroeléctrica. Para entender mejor la climatología de la región, este estudio utiliza observaciones históricas de lluvia en las subcuencas para describir los patrones de precipitación y su variabilidad. Se procesan varios estadísticos para describir el ciclo anual de la precipitación en cada subcuenca. Los resultados muestran que Angostura, Chicoasén y Malpaso comparten una climatología común, con picos de precipitación en junio y septiembre, y la canícula en julio. Peñitas registra una precipitación considerablemente mayor a lo largo del año, con valores elevados en octubre-noviembre. En todas las subcuencas, los años de La Niña (El Niño) se caracterizan por un incremento (decremento) de la precipitación durante la época lluviosa. El estudio demuestra que la precipitación extrema observada durante los años de La Niña en el verano tardío y el otoño se debe principalmente a un mayor número de ciclones tropicales en el oeste del Caribe y en el Golfo de México. Los resultados del rango intercuartil y otros percentiles de la precipitación mensual proporcionan información adicional que puede ser útil para la operación de las presas.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Grijalva basin]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[precipitation climatology]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[annual cycle]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[extreme rainfall]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[ENSO]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[tropical cyclones]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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