<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0187-6236</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Atmósfera]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Atmósfera]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0187-6236</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y Cambio Climático]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0187-62362025000100025</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.20937/atm.53463</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Connecting Iraq&#8217;s summer and autumn temperature variability with global sea surface temperature]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Khalidi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jasim Al]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bakr]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Dher]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sedeeq]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Rudainah]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Faleh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Lara]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,University of Diyala Faculty of Sciences ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Baqubah Diyala Governorate]]></addr-line>
<country>Iraq</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>39</volume>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0187-62362025000100025&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0187-62362025000100025&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0187-62362025000100025&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[ABSTRACT The present study examined the monthly summer and autumn temperature (ºC) variability in Iraq and its relation to the global sea surface temperatures (SST). The dataset, collated from eight meteorological stations and spanning the period from 1971 to 2010, was provided by the Iraq Meteorological Organization and the Seismology Department. The SST modes were obtained from the Hadley Centre (HadiSST2). The statistical analysis used Empirical Orthogonal Functions (EOFs) and Principal Components (PCs) to identify the characteristics of Iraq&#8217;s spatial and temporal variability. EOFs&#8217; results for summer and autumn identify that EOF1 is monopolar, with variances of 77.26 and 69.23%, respectively, which refer to the links between the climatological parameters and the large-scale. Meanwhile, the second EOF is bipolar, with variances of 8.04 and 10.10%, respectively, due to the local connection. The derived results from the correlation maps demonstrate a relationship between Iraq&#8217;s summer and autumn temperatures and large-scale SST patterns. The occurrence of La Niña in the Pacific Ocean, accompanied by a positive Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO), is expected to lead to a rise in temperatures in the region. The Pearson correlation coefficients between ENSO and summer and autumn PC1 and PC2 are 0.11, 0.59, and 0.14, -0.27, respectively. The correlation coefficients of the AMO index with summer and autumn (PC1, PC2) are 0.31, -0.2, and 0.03, 0.19, respectively. The results confirm the slight impact of the two modes on Iraq&#8217;s climate variability.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[RESUMEN El presente estudio examinó la variabilidad de la temperatura mensual de verano y otoño (ºC) en Irak y su relación con la temperatura superficial del mar (TSM) global. El conjunto de datos, recopilado de ocho estaciones meteorológicas y que abarcó el periodo de 1971 a 2010, fue proporcionado por la Organización Meteorológica y Sismológica de Irak. Los modos de la TSM se obtuvieron del Centro Hadley (HadiSST2). El análisis estadístico empleó funciones ortogonales empíricas (EOF, por su sigla en inglés) y componentes principales (PCs) para identificar las características de la variabilidad espacial y temporal de Irak. Los resultados de las EOF de verano y otoño indican que las EOF1 son monopolares con varianzas de 77.26 y 69.23 %, respectivamente, que se refieren a la relación de los parámetros climatológicos con la gran escala. Por su parte, el segundo EOF es bipolar con una varianza de 8.04 y 10.10 %, respectivamente, debido a la conexión local. Los resultados derivados de los mapas de correlación demuestran la existencia de una relación entre las temperaturas de verano y otoño en Irak y los patrones de la TSM a gran escala. Se prevé que la ocurrencia de La Niña en el Océano Pacífico, acompañada de una Oscilación Multidecadal Atlántica (OMA) positiva, provoque un aumento de las temperaturas en la región. El coeficiente de correlación de Pearson entre el ENSO y los PC1 y PC2 de verano y otoño presenta valores de 0.11 y 0.59, y 0,14 y -0,27, respectivamente. La correlación del índice de la OMA con los PC1 y PC2 de verano y otoño presenta valores de 0.31 y -0,2, y de 0.03 y 0.19, respectivamente. Los resultados confirman el leve impacto de ambos modos en la variabilidad climática de Irak.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[AMO]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[correlation map]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[ENSO]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Empirical Orthogonal Function]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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