<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0187-6236</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Atmósfera]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Atmósfera]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0187-6236</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y Cambio Climático]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0187-62362025000100010</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.20937/atm.53412</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Regional characterization of ENSO effects on the seasonal rainfall of Sinaloa, Mexico]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Romero Higareda]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[César Enrique]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Salomón Montijo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Bladimir]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cázares Martínez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Juana]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Díaz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José Saturnino]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Corrales Sauceda]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José Miguel]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa Facultad de Biología ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Culiacán Sinaloa]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>39</volume>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0187-62362025000100010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0187-62362025000100010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0187-62362025000100010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[ABSTRACT Rainfall seasonality is of paramount relevance for the northwestern Mexican ecosystems. Among other factors, it is annually driven by the North American Monsoon. An outstanding yet irregular and changing factor that affects rainfall seasonality is the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and its two phases, El Niño and La Niña, which can change the seasonal rainfall patterns. Here, we characterized spatially seasonal rainfall patterns of three physiographic regions of Sinaloa and adjacent states in northwestern Mexico. The covariances between El Niño and La Niña phases and their respective summer and winter rainfall amounts were estimated in each station within their regions. The magnitude of covariance was also differentiated among regions and characterized spatially. A multivariate analysis was performed to attain a simultaneous perspective of the rainfall-related variables. We detected differences among regions for the measured rainfall-related variables; altitude and longitude explained most of its spatial variation. Winter rainfall increased in all stations of El Niño and La Niña occurrence. El Niño decreased rainfall in most stations for summer, whilst La Niña increased rainfall in summer. Summer rainfall covariance with El Niño and La Niña was differentiated among regions. Latitude and longitude were correlated with the covariation between El Niño and La Niña and winter rainfall. Altitude correlated to the interaction of summer rainfall and La Niña and El Niño. Multivariate analysis segregated regions on the variation of winter, annual rainfall, number of rainfall events, and rainfall seasonality.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[RESUMEN La estacionalidad de las precipitaciones que, entre otros factores, es determinada anualmente por el Monzón de Norteamérica, es de enorme relevancia para los ecosistemas áridos del noroeste de México. Un factor importante pero irregular que afecta la estacionalidad de las precipitaciones es El Niño-Oscilación del Sur (ENSO) y sus dos fases: El Niño y La Niña, las cuales pueden cambiar los patrones estacionales de precipitación. En este estudio, caracterizamos espacialmente los patrones estacionales de las precipitaciones de tres regiones fisiográficas de Sinaloa y estados adyacentes en el noroeste de México. Las covarianzas entre las fases de El Niño y La Niña y sus respectivas cantidades de precipitación de verano e invierno fueron estimadas regionalmente en cada estación. La magnitud de la covariación fue diferenciada entre regiones y caracterizada espacialmente. Se hizo un análisis multivariado para obtener una perspectiva simultánea de las variables asociadas a la precipitación. Se detectaron diferencias entre regiones para las variables asociadas a precipitación; la altitud y longitud explicaron la mayor parte de su variación espacial. La precipitación invernal se incrementó en todas las estaciones por El Niño y La Niña. El Niño redujo la precipitación en la mayoría de las estaciones en verano, La Niña incrementó la precipitación en verano. La covariación entre la precipitación de verano y El Niño y La Niña se diferenció entre regiones. La latitud y longitud se correlacionaron con la covariación entre El Niño y La Niña y la precipitación de invierno. La altitud se correlacionó con la interacción de la precipitación veraniega y El Niño y La Niña. El análisis multivariado segregó las regiones con base en la variación de la precipitación de invierno y anual, el número de eventos de precipitación y su estacionalidad.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[northwestern Mexico]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[seasonality]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[ENSO]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[geographic variation]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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