<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0187-6236</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Atmósfera]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Atmósfera]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0187-6236</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y Cambio Climático]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0187-62362025000100009</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.20937/atm.53409</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Impact assessment of 3D-var data assimilation on simulation of tropical cyclones using WRF]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Makar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Pragnya]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Singh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Sanjeev Kumar]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mitra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Debashis]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kant]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Yogesh]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Indian Institute of Technology Delhi Centre for Atmospheric Sciences ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[New Delhi ]]></addr-line>
<country>India</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Indian Institute of Remote Sensing Marine and Atmospheric Sciences Group ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Dehradun ]]></addr-line>
<country>India</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>39</volume>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0187-62362025000100009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0187-62362025000100009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0187-62362025000100009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[ABSTRACT The combination of data from the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-A (AMSU-A) and Microwave Humidity Sounder (MHS) satellites provide measurements in frequency channels 23-183 GHz, which allow the estimation of vertical profiles of atmospheric temperature and humidity. These measurements play a significant role in numerical weather prediction models, improving initial conditions during tropical cyclone development. In the present study, measurements from AMSU-A and MHS have been assimilated in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model through the 3D-variational (3D-var) data assimilation technique using the Gridpoint Statistical Interpolation (GSI) analysis system. The assimilation impact has been assessed on super cyclonic storm Amphan and severe cyclonic storm Nisarga, which formed over the Bay of Bengal (BoB) and the Arabian Sea (AS), respectively. To investigate their impact, a series of experiments are conducted with and without assimilation of AMSU-A and MHS observations from each day&#8217;s initial condition for both cyclones. The track and landfall errors of all the experiments are computed against the best track position provided by the India Meteorological Department (IMD). The results indicate that the assimilation of AMSU-A and MHS observations led to an improvement in track errors of about 11 to 35% for Amphan and 6 to 20% for Nisarga for 12 to 72 h lead times. Furthermore, the assimilation of AMSU-A and MHS observations helped to improve the simulation of landfall position and time. The evaluation of maximum sustained surface wind, central pressure, and rainfall against the observations demonstrates the positive impact of the assimilated observations on the performance of the WRF model.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[RESUMEN La combinación de información de los satélites Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-A (AMSU-A) y Microwave Humidity Sounder (MHS) proporciona mediciones en los canales de frecuencia de 23-183 GHz, lo que permite estimar los perfiles verticales de temperatura y humedad atmosférica. Estas mediciones desempeñan un papel significativo en los modelos de predicción numérica del tiempo, mejorando las condiciones iniciales durante el desarrollo de ciclones tropicales. En el presente estudio, las mediciones de AMSU-A y MHS han sido asimiladas en el modelo de Investigación y Pronóstico del Tiempo (WRF) mediante la técnica de asimilación de datos 3D-variacional (3D-var) utilizando el sistema de análisis de interpolación estadística de puntos de malla (GSI). El impacto de la asimilación se ha evaluado en la super tormenta ciclónica Amphan y la tormenta ciclónica severa Nisarga, que se formaron sobre la Bahía de Bengala (BoB) y el Mar Arábigo (AS), respectivamente. Para investigar el impacto, se llevan a cabo una serie de experimentos con y sin la asimilación de observaciones de AMSU-A y MHS a partir de la condición inicial de cada día para ambos ciclones. Los errores de trayectoria y recalada de todos los experimentos se calculan en comparación con la mejor posición de trayectoria proporcionada por el Departamento Meteorológico de la India (IMD). Los resultados indican que la asimilación de las observaciones de AMSU-A y MHS condujo a una mejora en los errores de trayectoria de aproximadamente un 11 a 35% para Amphany de 6a 20% para Nisarga en tiempos de anticipación de 12 a 72 h. Además, la asimilación de las observaciones de AMSU-A y MHS ayudó a mejorar la simulación de la posición y el tiempo de impacto en tierra. La evaluación del viento máximo sostenido en superficie, la presión central y la precipitación en comparación con las observaciones demuestra el impacto positivo de las observaciones asimiladas en el rendimiento del modelo WRF.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[tropical cyclone simulation]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[3D-var data assimilation]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[AMSU-A]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[MHS]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Gridpoint Statistical Interpolation (GSI)]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[WRF model]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Amphan]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Nisarga]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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