<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0187-6236</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Atmósfera]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Atmósfera]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0187-6236</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y Cambio Climático]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0187-62362025000100002</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.20937/atm.53369</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Diurnal to seasonal meteorological cycles along an equatorial Andean elevational gradient]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Silva]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Luis]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Célleri]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Rolando]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Córdova]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mario]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Cuenca Departamento de Recursos Hídricos y Ciencias Ambientales ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Azuay/Cuenca ]]></addr-line>
<country>Ecuador</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>39</volume>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0187-62362025000100002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0187-62362025000100002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0187-62362025000100002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[ABSTRACT The climate of the Andean equatorial mountains has a pronounced spatiotemporal variability, which, coupled with limited meteorological monitoring, hampers our understanding of the regional and local atmospheric processes that govern this variability. To deepen our understanding of this region&#8217;s climate, we analyzed diurnal to seasonal meteorological patterns of the main meteorological variables: precipitation, air temperature, relative humidity, incident solar radiation, and wind speed and direction. We used a unique 10-year high-resolution dataset from March 2013 to February 2023 along an elevation gradient located in southern Ecuador. Our analyses reveal a trimodal regime of precipitation; two wet seasons are associated with convective processes influenced by the position of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) over the study area during the equinoxes, and the less humid season is due to the intensification of the Walker circulation, which produces subsidence over the study area. The relative humidity shows distinct daily and seasonal variations, reaching minimum daily values around noon when the air temperature is the highest, and an annual minimum in November. Incident solar radiation reaches its maximum values around the equinoxes when sunlight is almost perpendicular, which produces greater heating on the surface and, hence, a more humid atmosphere. The meridional displacement of the ITCZ around the year influences the climate, increasing humidity from March to May and wind speed from April to July. Our research reveals significant differences between diurnal and seasonal meteorological cycles, highlighting the importance of altitude, topography, and wind patterns in the climate dynamics of the equatorial Andes.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[RESUMEN El clima de la cordillera ecuatorial de los Andes tiene una pronunciada variabilidad espaciotemporal, lo que, unido a un limitado monitoreo meteorológico, dificulta nuestra comprensión de los procesos atmosféricos regionales y locales que gobiernan esta variabilidad. Para profundizar en nuestra comprensión del clima de esta región, analizamos los patrones meteorológicos diurnos a estacionales de las principales variables meteorológicas: precipitación, temperatura del aire, humedad relativa, radiación solar incidente, y velocidad y dirección del viento. Utilizamos un conjunto de datos único de alta resolución de 10 años, desde marzo de 2013 hasta febrero de 2023, a lo largo de un gradiente altitudinal situado en el sur de Ecuador. Nuestros análisis revelan un régimen trimodal de precipitación; las estaciones húmedas están asociadas a procesos convectivos influidos por la posición de la Zona de Convergencia Intertropical (ZCIT) sobre el área de estudio alrededor de los equinoccios, y la estación menos húmeda se debe a la intensificación de la circulación Walker que produce subsidencia sobre el área de estudio. La humedad relativa presenta una marcada variación diaria y estacional, alcanzando valores mínimos en torno al mediodía, cuando la temperatura del aire es más elevada, y un mínimo anual en noviembre. Además, la radiación solar incidente alcanza sus valores máximos alrededor de los equinoccios, cuando la luz solar es casi perpendicular, lo que produce un mayor calentamiento en la superficie y, por tanto, una atmósfera más húmeda. El desplazamiento meridional de la ZCIT a lo largo del año influye en el clima, aumentando la humedad de marzo a mayo y la velocidad del viento de abril a julio. Nuestras investigaciones revelan diferencias significativas entre los ciclos meteorológicos diurnos y estacionales, lo que pone de relieve la importancia de la altitud, la topografía y los patrones de viento en la dinámica climática de los Andes ecuatoriales.]]></p></abstract>
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<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[meteorology]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[tropical Andes]]></kwd>
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