<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0187-6236</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Atmósfera]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Atmósfera]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0187-6236</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y Cambio Climático]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0187-62362024000100018</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.20937/atm.53265</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Variability, cycles, and trends of mean air temperature north of Colombia]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Manrique-Cantillo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Andrea Patricia]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morales-Acuña]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Enrique de Jesús]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Linero-Cueto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jean Rogelio]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad del Magdalena  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Santa Marta DTCH ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Politécnico Nacional Centro Interdisciplinario para el Desarrollo Integral Regional Departamento de Medio Ambiente]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Guasave Sinaloa]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad del Magdalena Facultad de Ingeniería ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Santa Marta DTCH ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>38</volume>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0187-62362024000100018&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0187-62362024000100018&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0187-62362024000100018&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[ABSTRACT Climate variability is of global interest due to its socioeconomic and environmental effects on the world&#8217;s population. In Colombia, temperature changes affect food security, especially for the most vulnerable people in the Caribbean region. We analyzed monthly air temperature in northeastern Colombia (Cesar, La Guajira, and Magdalena departments). We reconstructed time series with missing data using nonlinear principal component analysis. Subsequently, temporal variability, associations with events of climatic variability, and temporal trends were evaluated. Periodicity analyses indicate the dominance of annual variability, although statistically significant associations with periods between 3 and 7 years show the influence of El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events. The Spearman correlation coefficient with N = 360 and 95% significance shows a better association with the Multivariate ENSO Index (rsp mean = 0.38) and the Southern Oscillation Index (rsp mean = -0.32). The multi-year monthly analysis shows positive trends, with maximum values between March (1.04 ºC month-1), and June (1.07 ºC month-1) in the valley of the Cesar department, and a minimum in March, at the northernmost La Guajira (0.2 ºC month-1).]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[RESUMEN La variabilidad climática es de interés global debido a sus efectos socioeconómicos y ambientales sobre la población mundial. En Colombia, los cambios de temperatura afectan la seguridad alimentaria, especialmente para la población más vulnerable de la región Caribe. Analizamos la temperatura mensual del aire en la región nororiental colombiana (departamentos de Cesar, La Guajira y Magdalena). Se reconstruyeron series temporales con datos faltantes utilizando análisis de componentes principales no lineales. Posteriormente se evaluaron la variabilidad temporal, las asociaciones con eventos de variabilidad climática y las tendencias temporales. Los análisis de periodicidad indican el predominio de la variabilidad anual, aunque las asociaciones estadísticamente significativas con periodos de 3 a 7 años muestran la influencia de los eventos de El Niño-Oscilación del Sur (ENSO, por su sigla en inglés). El coeficiente de correlación de Spearman con N = 360 y una significancia de 95% muestra una mejor asociación con el Índice Multivariado de ENSO (rsp medio = 0.38) y el Índice de la Oscilación del Sur (rsp medio = -0.32). El análisis multianual mensual muestra tendencias positivas, con valores máximos entre marzo (1.04 ºC mes-1) y junio (1.07 ºC mes-1) en el valle del departamento de Cesar, y un mínimo en marzo, en el extremo norte de La Guajira (0.2 ºC mes-1).]]></p></abstract>
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<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[climate variability]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Mann-Kendall test]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[trends]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Colombian Caribbean region 1]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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