<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0187-6236</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Atmósfera]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Atmósfera]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0187-6236</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y Cambio Climático]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0187-62362023000300106</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.20937/atm.53042</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Nowcasting severity of thunderstorm associated with strong wind flow over Indian Subcontinent: Resource lightning surge]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pandit]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Shreya]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mishra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Savitesh]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mittal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ashish]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kumar Devrani]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Anil]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Air Force Centre for Numerical Weather Prediction  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[New Delhi ]]></addr-line>
<country>India</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Indian Air Force Directorate of Meteorology ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[New Delhi ]]></addr-line>
<country>India</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>37</volume>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0187-62362023000300106&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0187-62362023000300106&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0187-62362023000300106&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[ABSTRACT This study uses the data of Indian Air Force (IAF) Lightning Detection System (LDS) network to prepare climatological plots of lightning over India and to formulate location-specific thunderstorm (TS) guidance for a total of 12 Indian airports. The analysis of climatological plots reveals that there is a distinct warm-season preponderance of lightning strikes over Indian subcontinent, with pre-monsoon months receiving the maximum lightning. The most probable time of occurrence being 12:00-14:00 UTC during all the seasons across the country. Location-specific TS guidance not only signifies the most probable direction of occurrence of TS with respect to the airport, but also clearly brings out the favorable direction of movement. Hence, the same can be judiciously used as nowcasting aid. Further, the characteristic features of lightning, like surges in flash rate, can be objectively used to define a predictor for nowcasting severe weather associated with a TS cloud. The study of these surges in lightning flash rate vis a vis the occurrence of strong surface winds (SSW) &gt; 60 km h-1 over Delhi National Capital Region (NCR) (Hindan Airport observations), indicated that there is an increase in the number of lightning flashes prior to the occurrence of SSW. Within 45 min of their occurrence, 77.5% of SSW are preceded by surges in flash rates; however, the probability of detection of the event with a lead time of 15 to 45 min is around 71%.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[RESUMEN Este estudio utiliza los datos del Sistema de Detección de Rayos (LDS, por su sigla en inglés) de la Fuerza Aérea India (IAF) para preparar gráficos climatológicos de relámpagos sobre la India y para formular una guía de tormentas (TS) específica de la ubicación para un total de 12 aeropuertos de la India. El análisis de las gráficas climatológicas revela que hay una preponderancia distintiva de rayos en la estación cálida sobre el subcontinente indio, y los meses previos al monzón reciben el máximo de rayos. El momento más probable de ocurrencia es entre 12:00 y 14:00 UTC durante todas las estaciones en todo el país. La guía de TS específica de la ubicación no sólo indica la dirección más probable de ocurrencia de TS respecto del aeropuerto, sino que también destaca la dirección favorable del movimiento. Por lo tanto, puede utilizarse como ayuda para el pronóstico inmediato. Además, las características de los relámpagos, como el aumento repentino de su velocidad, pueden usarse objetivamente para definir un predictor del tiempo severo asociado con nubes de tormenta. El estudio de estos aumentos en la tasa de relámpagos con relación a la ocurrencia de fuertes vientos de superficie (SSW) &gt; 60 km h-1 sobre la región de la capital nacional de Delhi (NCR) (observaciones del aeropuerto de Hindan), mostró que hay un aumento en el número de relámpagos antes de la ocurrencia de SSW. El 77.5% de las ocurrencias están precedidas por aumentos repentinos en la velocidad de destello dentro de los 45 min posteriores a la ocurrencia de SSW; sin embargo, la probabilidad de detección del evento con un tiempo de espera de 15 a 45 min es de alrededor del 71%.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[lightning detection system]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[spatial distribution]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[temporal variation]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[lightning surge]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[strong surface winds]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[probability of detection]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Baker]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MB]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Blyth]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Christian]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Latham]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Miller]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gadian]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Relationships between lightning activity and various thundercloud parameters: satellite and modelling studies]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Atmospheric Research]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<volume>51</volume>
<page-range>221-36</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Blakeslee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mach]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bateman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MG]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bailey]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JC]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Seasonal variations in the lightning diurnal cycle and implications for the global electric circuit]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Atmospheric Research]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>135-136</volume>
<page-range>228-43</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Blakeslee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Koshak]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[WJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Buechler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gatlin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mach]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stano]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GT]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Virts]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Walker]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cecil]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ellett]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Goodman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Harrison]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hawkins]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Heumesser]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Maskey]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schultz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stewart]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bateman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chanrion]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Christian]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Three Years of the Lightning Imaging Sensor Onboard the International Space Station: Expanded Global Coverage and Enhanced Applications]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>125</volume>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cecil]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Buechler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Blakeslee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RJ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Gridded lightning climatology from TRMM-LIS and OTD: Dataset description]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Atmospheric Research]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>135-136</volume>
<page-range>404-14</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cummins]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Murphy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bardo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hiscox]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[WL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pyle]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RB]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pifer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AE]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A combined TOA/MDF technology upgrade of the U.S. National Lightning Detection Network]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<volume>103</volume>
<page-range>9035-44</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Deierling]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Petersen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Latham]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ellis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Christian]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HJ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The relationship between total lightning and ice fluxes]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Geophysical Research]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>113</volume>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gatlin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PN]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Goodman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SJ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A total lightning trending algorithm to identify severe thunderstorms]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>27</volume>
<page-range>3-22</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Goodman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Blakeslee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Christian]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Koshak]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bailey]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hall]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McCaul]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Buechler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Darden]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Burks]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bradshaw]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gatlin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The North Alabama lightning mapping array: Recent severe storm observations and future prospects]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Atmospheric Research]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>76</volume>
<page-range>423-37</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Reap]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[MacGorman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DR]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Cloud-to-ground lightning: Climatological characteristics and relationship to model fields, radar observations, and severe local storms]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Monthly Weather Review]]></source>
<year>1989</year>
<volume>117</volume>
<page-range>518-35</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tyagi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tiwari]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mishra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hopke]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PK]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Attri]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Srivastava]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AK]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bisht]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DS]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Spatial variability of concentration of gaseous pollutants across the National Capital Region of Delhi, India]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Atmospheric Pollution Research]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>7</volume>
<page-range>808-16</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Williams]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ER]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The tripole structure of thunderstorms]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Geophysical Research]]></source>
<year>1989</year>
<volume>94</volume>
<page-range>13151-67</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Williams]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ER]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Boldi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Matlin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Weber]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hodanish]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sharp]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Goodman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Raghavan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Buechler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The behaviour of total lightning activity in severe Florida thunderstorms]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Atmospheric Research]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<volume>51</volume>
<page-range>245-65</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Williams]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ER]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The electrification of severe storms]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Doswell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Severe convective storms]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Boston, MA ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Meteorological Monographs. American Meteorological Society]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
