<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0187-6236</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Atmósfera]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Atmósfera]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0187-6236</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y Cambio Climático]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0187-62362023000200225</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.20937/atm.53051</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Understanding convective storms in a tropical, high-altitude location with in-situ meteorological observations and GPS-derived water vapor]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Casallas-García]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alejandro]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hernández-Deckers]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Daniel]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mora-Páez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Héctor]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional de Colombia Departamento de Geociencias Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Atmosféricas]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Bogotá ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics Earth System Physics ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Trieste ]]></addr-line>
<country>Italy</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Servicio Geológico Colombiano Dirección de Geoamenazas Grupo de Investigaciones Geodésicas Espaciales]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Bogotá ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>36</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<fpage>225</fpage>
<lpage>238</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0187-62362023000200225&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0187-62362023000200225&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0187-62362023000200225&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[ABSTRACT We investigate convective storms over the Sabana de Bogotá, a high-altitude and densely populated area in the Colombian tropical Andes. Convective events are identified using infrared satellite images and in-situ precipitation data. As expected, convection shows a strong early-afternoon peak during the two rainy seasons. Previous studies hypothesize that early-afternoon westerly winds and their moisture advection from the warmer Magdalena valley are the main explanatory mechanism for intense storms. We find that early-afternoon westerlies are present in 78% of rainy season days, but convective events develop in only 26% of them. Thus, although westerlies seem necessary for convection due to the convergence they generate, they only occasionally generate storms and are therefore not a good predictor. Furthermore, reanalysis data indicate that precipitable water vapor (PWV) at the Magdalena valley is anomalously low during convective days, suggesting that moisture converges locally instead of being advected from the west. Based on composites of surface wind speed, air temperature, surface pressure, and GPS-derived PWV, we identify the most prominent signals associated with deep convection: a weaker than average wind speed throughout the morning, higher than normal values of surface air temperature towards noon, followed by an anomalous steep increase of PWV and wind speed. These features indicate that convection results from a strong diurnal forcing facilitated by convergence of westerly winds, combined with sufficient water vapor convergence, with a timescale of about 3 h. This highlights the relevance of high temporal resolution monitoring of PWV offered by Global Navigational Satellite System stations.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[RESUMEN Con el fin de estudiar tormentas convectivas en la Sabana de Bogotá, un área densamente poblada de gran elevación en los Andes tropicales colombianos, identificamos eventos convectivos con imágenes satelitales y datos de precipitación. Los eventos son más frecuentes en las primeras horas de la tarde de las dos estaciones lluviosas. Estudios previos sugieren que los vientos del oeste de las primeras horas de la tarde y su advección de humedad desde el Valle del Magdalena son la principal causa de estas tormentas. Sin embargo, encontramos que estos vientos están presentes en el 78% de los días en temporada de lluvias, pero las tormentas se desarrollan solo en 26% de ellos. Así, aunque los vientos del oeste parecen necesarios debido a la convergencia que generan, sólo en ocasiones producen tormentas, de manera que no son un buen predictor. Datos de reanálisis indican que el vapor de agua precipitable (PWV, por su sigla en inglés) en el Valle del Magdalena es anormalmente bajo durante días convectivos, lo que sugiere que la humedad converge localmente en lugar de ser transportada desde el oeste. Usando análisis de compuestos, identificamos las señales más prominentes asociadas con la convección: la rapidez del viento es menor que la media en la mañana, mientras que la temperatura es superior al promedio al mediodía, seguida de un anómalo incremento del PWV y la rapidez del viento. Estas características indican que la convección resulta de un fuerte forzamiento diurno, facilitado por convergencia de los vientos del oeste y del vapor de agua, en una escala de tiempo de alrededor de 3 h.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[tropical convection]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[GPS meteorology]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[mountain meteorology]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zeng]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[X]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The relationship among precipitation, cloud-top temperature, and precipitable water over the tropics]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Climate]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<volume>12</volume>
<page-range>2503-14</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
