<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0187-6236</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Atmósfera]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Atmósfera]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0187-6236</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y Cambio Climático]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0187-62362022000300421</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.20937/atm.52911</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Analysis of an extreme precipitation event in the Atacama desert in January 2020 and its relationship to humidity advection along the Southeast Pacific]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vicencio Veloso]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Dirección Meteorológica de Chile Servicios Climáticos ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Santiago ]]></addr-line>
<country>Chile</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>35</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<fpage>421</fpage>
<lpage>448</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0187-62362022000300421&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0187-62362022000300421&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0187-62362022000300421&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[ABSTRACT An extreme precipitation event took place during the second half of January 2020 in the Atacama Desert. From Tacna, Peru to Iquique, Chile (18-21ºS) rainfall extended for several days producing floods, major damage to infrastructure, and affecting population in one of the driest deserts of the world. Analysis of surface-weather stations and reanalysis suggests that the most intense precipitation occurred in the Precordillera (2000 to 3600 m.a.s.l) on the western foothills of the Andes. The analysis based on surface observations, upper-air sounding, reanalysis and satellite data, suggests that at least four major factors were present to produce record-breaking precipitation: (i) a low-level circulation off-shore the Atacama Desert, potentially generated by the southward displacement of the Bolivian High and a trough located to the west over subtropical southeast Pacific, (ii) humidity advection via an atmospheric river-like structure, trapped along the coast ahead of the low-level cyclonic circulation, leading to increases in precipitable water vapor over the Atacama Desert, (iii) above-normal sea surface temperatures favoring moist conditions in the boundary layer and (iv) a strengthened local circulation, with low-level eastward moisture advection leading to forced orographic ascent along the Precordillera. These factors triggered thunderstorm development and precipitation mostly in the Precordillera, but also in the Lowlands, Pampas and Altiplano regions. Analysis of days with extreme precipitation in previous austral summers over the period (2008-2020) suggests that this combined thermodynamic-dynamic mechanism is present in the majority of such events in Southern Peru and Northern Chile, providing valuable guidance to predict future extreme precipitation events in the Atacama Desert.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[RESUMEN Un evento de precipitación extrema tuvo lugar durante la segunda quincena de enero de 2020 en el desierto de Atacama. Desde Tacna, Perú hasta Iquique, Chile (18-21ºS) las lluvias se extendieron por varios días produciendo inundaciones, daños importantes a la infraestructura y afectando a la población en uno de los desiertos más áridos del mundo. El análisis de las estaciones meteorológicas de superficie y reanálisis sugieren que la precipitación más intensa ocurrió en la Precordillera (2000 a 3600 m.s.n.m.), en las estribaciones occidentales de Los Andes. El análisis basado en observaciones de superficie, sondeos, reanálisis y datos satelitales, sugiere que al menos cuatro factores se combinaron para producir una precipitación sin precedentes: (i) una circulación de bajo nivel mar adentro del desierto de Atacama, generada por el desplazamiento hacia el sur de la Alta de Bolivia y una vaguada ubicada al oeste sobre el Pacífico sureste subtropical, (ii) advección de humedad por una estructura similar a un río atmosférico, atrapada a lo largo de la costa por delante de la circulación ciclónica de bajo nivel, aumentando el agua precipitable sobre el desierto de Atacama, (iii) temperaturas de la superficie del mar por encima de lo normal favoreciendo mayor humedad en la capa límite y (iv) una circulación local fortalecida, con una advección de humedad hacia el este en niveles bajos y ascenso orográfico forzado a lo largo de la Precordillera. Estos factores desencadenaron el desarrollo de tormentas y precipitaciones principalmente en la Precordillera, pero también en las regiones de Tierras Bajas, Pampas y Altiplano. El análisis de días con precipitaciones extremas en veranos australes anteriores durante el período (2008-2020) sugiere que este mecanismo termodinámico-dinámico combinado está presente en la mayoría de estos eventos en el sur de Perú y el norte de Chile, proporcionando una guía valiosa para predecir futuros eventos de precipitaciones extremas en el desierto de Atacama.]]></p></abstract>
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<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[orographic forcing]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[atmospheric river]]></kwd>
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