<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0187-6236</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Atmósfera]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Atmósfera]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0187-6236</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y Cambio Climático]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0187-62362021000300267</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.20937/atm.52788</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Trends and variability of temperature and evaporation over the African continent: Relationships with precipitation]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Onyutha]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Charles]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Kyambogo University Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Kyambogo Kampala]]></addr-line>
<country>Uganda</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>34</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<fpage>267</fpage>
<lpage>287</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0187-62362021000300267&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0187-62362021000300267&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0187-62362021000300267&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[ABSTRACT This study analyzes changes in the long-term (1901-2015) monthly values of potential evapotranspiration (PET), precipitation, and minimum (Tmin) and maximum (Tmax) temperatures across Africa to quantify trends and assess covariability between these climatic variables. Both warming and drying trends were observed across the continent. The 1979-2015 warming was stronger than that from 1901 to 1940. Some cooling occurred from 1941 to the mid-1970s. The 1901-2015 annual Tmax, Tmin, and PET averaged over Africa exhibited increasing or drying trends across the continent at rates of 0.18 ºC, 0.22 ºC, and 3.5 mm per decade, respectively. The 1961-1990 annual precipitation averaged over the whole continent showed that Africa experienced drying at a rate of about -28 mm per decade. When considering the period 1961-2015, the rate of precipitation decrease was about -8 mm per decade. From 1901 to 1915, areas around Lake Victoria in East Africa and along the western coastline south of the equator experienced wetting rates of up to 36 mm per decade. Significant (p &lt; 0.01) warming trends occurred in Sudan, Southern and Northern Africa. Positive PET trends were significant (p &lt; 0.01) in the warm Mediterranean climate, and the western part of South Africa. Long-term temperature increase and precipitation decrease across northern Africa possibly indicated the Sahara Desert expansion over time. Except in the warm desert climate, the continent exhibited high precipitation variability. Equatorial climate experienced low temperature and PET variability. The strongest coherence between precipitation and temperature existed at multiple scales (6-8 years). Correlations between precipitation and PET (or temperature) were mostly negative and weak (p &gt; 0.01). Because the sensitivity of Tmin to local influences is higher than that of Tmax, areas with strong negative correlation were larger in coverage for Tmax than those of Tmin. These results call for planned measures to tackle food insecurity in sub-Saharan Africa.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[RESUMEN Se analizan cambios a largo plazo (1901-2015) en los valores mensuales de evapotranspiración potencial (PET, por sus siglas en inglés), precipitación, y temperaturas mínima (Tmin) y máxima (Tmax) en África para cuantificar las tendencias y valorar la covariabilidad de dichos parámetros climáticos. Se analizaron las tendencias tanto al calentamiento como a la sequía en todo el continente. El calentamiento en el periodo 1979-2015 fue mayor que de 1901 a 1940. Entre 1940 y mediados de la década de 1970 se observó una leve tendencia al enfriamiento. En el periodo 1901-2015 los valores anuales promedio de Tmax, Tmin y PET en África muestran una tendencia al calentamiento y la sequía a tasas de 0.18 ºC, 0.22 ºC y 3.5 mm por década, respectivamente. De 1961 a 1990 la precipitación anual promedio de todo el continente mostró una tendencia a la sequía a una tasa de alrededor de -28 mm por década. Si se considera el periodo 1961-2015, la precipitación disminuyó a una tasa de alrededor de -8 mm por década. De 1901 a 1915, algunas áreas alrededor del Lago Victoria en África oriental y a lo largo de la costa occidental al sur del ecuador registraron tasas de incremento en la precipitación de alrededor de 36 mm por década. Tanto en Sudán como en África del Sur y África del Norte se observaron tendencias significativas (p &lt; 0.01) al calentamiento. En la región de clima Mediterráneo cálido y la parte occidental de Sudáfrica se registraron tendencias positivas y significativas de PET (p &lt; 0.01). Es posible que el incremento y la disminución a largo plazo de la temperatura y la precipitación (respectivamente) a lo largo de África del Norte sean indicativos de la expansión del desierto del Sahara con el tiempo. Con excepción de las regiones con clima desértico cálido se registró una alta variabilidad de la precipitación en el continente. Las zonas con clima ecuatorial registraron bajas temperaturas y variabilidad de la PET. La mayor correspondencia entre precipitación y temperatura se registró en múltiples escalas (6-8 años). Las correlaciones entre precipitación y PET (o temperatura) fueron negativas y débiles (p &gt; 0.01) en su mayor parte. Dado que la sensibilidad de Tmin a los factores locales es mayor que la de Tmax, las zonas con una correlación negativa fuerte fueron mayores para Tmax que para Tmin. Estos resultados indican que es necesario establecer medidas planificadas para enfrentar la inseguridad alimentaria en el África subsahariana.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[climate variability]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[temperature trends]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[precipitation trends]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[evapotranspiration trends]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[seasonal CSD trend]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[hydroclimate of Africa]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Abderrahman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[WA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bader]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kahn]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AU]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ajward]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MH]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Weather modification impact on reference evapotranspiration, soil salinity and desertification in arid regions: A case study]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Arid Environments]]></source>
<year>1991</year>
<volume>20</volume>
<page-range>277-86</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ahokpossi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Analysis of the rainfall variability and change in the Republic of Benin (West Africa)]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Hydrological Sciences Journal]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>63</volume>
<page-range>2097-123</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aldhous]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Civil war in Africa has no link to climate change]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[New Scientist]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>207</volume>
<page-range>11-4</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Allen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RG]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Smith]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pereira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Perrier]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[An update for the calculation of reference evapotranspiration]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[ICID Bulletin]]></source>
<year>1994</year>
<volume>43</volume>
<page-range>35-92</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Armal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Devineni]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Khanbilvardi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Trends in extreme rainfall frequency in the contiguous United States: Attribution to climate change and climate variability modes]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Climate]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>31</volume>
<page-range>369-85</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bai]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[X]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Li]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Luo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Q]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Quantifying the contributions of agricultural oasis expansion, management practices and climate change to net primary production and evapotranspiration in croplands in arid northwest China]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Arid Environments]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>100-101</volume>
<page-range>31-41</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bates]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kundzewicz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ZW]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Palutikof]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JP]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Climate change and water. Technical paper]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Geneva ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Beltrando]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Camberlin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Interannual variability of rainfall in the Eastern Horn of Africa and indicators of atmospheric circulation]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International Journal of Climatology]]></source>
<year>1993</year>
<volume>13</volume>
<page-range>533-46</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Buhaug]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Climate not to blame for African civil wars]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>107</volume>
<page-range>16477-82</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bunting]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DP]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kurc]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Glenn]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EP]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nagler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Scott]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RL]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Insights for empirically modeling evapotranspiration influenced by riparian and upland vegetation in semiarid regions]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Arid Environment]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>111</volume>
<page-range>42-52</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Burke]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Miguel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Satyanath]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dykema]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lobell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DB]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Warming increases the risk of civil war in Africa]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>106</volume>
<page-range>20670-4</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bush]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ER]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jeffery]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bunnefeld]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tutin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Musgrave]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moussavou]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mihindou]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Malhi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lehmann]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Edzang Ndong]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Makaga]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Abernethy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Rare ground data confirm significant warming and drying in western equatorial Africa]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[PeerJ]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>8</volume>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Camberlin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Temperature trends and variability in the Greater Horn of Africa: interactions with precipitation]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Climate Dynamics]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>48</volume>
<numero>1-2</numero>
<issue>1-2</issue>
<page-range>477-98</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Collins]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Temperature variability over Africa]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Climate]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>24</volume>
<numero>14</numero>
<issue>14</issue>
<page-range>3649-66</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cook]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vizy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EK]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Detection and analysis of an amplified warming of the Sahara Desert]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Climate]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>28</volume>
<page-range>6560-80</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[El Kenawy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lopez-Moreno]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JI]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McCabe]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MF]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Robaa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Domínguez-Castro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Peña-Gallardo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Trigo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hereher]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ME]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Al-Awadhi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vicente-Serrano]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Daily temperature extremes over Egypt: Spatial patterns, temporal trends, and driving forces]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Atmospheric Research]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>226</volume>
<page-range>219-39</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Evan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AT]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Flamant]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gaetani]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guichard]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The past, present and future of African dust]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Nature]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>531</volume>
<page-range>493-5</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[El-Hagrsy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rashwan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[IMH]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Spatial and temporal rainfall changes in Egypt]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Environmental Science and Pollution Research]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>26</volume>
<page-range>28228-42</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gleditsch]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Whither the weather? Climate change and conflict]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Peace Research]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>49</volume>
<page-range>3-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Glenn]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EP]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nagler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Huete]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AR]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Vegetation index methods for estimating evapotranspiration by remote sensing]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Surveys in Geophysics]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>6</volume>
<page-range>531-55</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Glenn]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EP]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Scott]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nguyen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[U]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nagler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PL]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Wide-area ratios of evapotranspiration to precipitation in monsoon-dependent semiarid vegetation communities]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Arid Environments]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>117</volume>
<page-range>84-95</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Grist]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JP]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nicholson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SE]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A study of the dynamic forces influencing rainfall variability in the West African Sahel]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Climate]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<volume>14</volume>
<page-range>1337-59</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Harris]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jones]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Osborn]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lister]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DH]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Updated high resolution grids of monthly climatic observations-the CRU TS3.10 dataset]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International Journal of Climatology]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>34</volume>
<page-range>623-42</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Heilman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Litvak]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ME]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McInnes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kjelgaard]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JF]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kamps]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schwiining]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Water-storage capacity controls energy partitioning and water use in karst ecosystems on the Edwards Plateau, Texas]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Ecohydrology]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>7</volume>
<page-range>127-38</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hendrix]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Salehyan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Climate change, rainfall, and social conflict in Africa]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Peace Research]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>49</volume>
<page-range>35-50</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hsiang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Meng]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KC]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Reconciling disagreement over climate conflict results in Africa]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>111</volume>
<page-range>2100-3</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hulme]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Doherty]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ngara]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[New]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lister]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[African climate change: 1900-2100]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Climate Research]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<volume>17</volume>
<page-range>145-68</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Huxman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Smith]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fay]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Knapp]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shaw]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Loik]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Smith]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tissue]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zak]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Weltzin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pockman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sala]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Haddad]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Harte]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Koch]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schwinning]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Small]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Williams]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Convergence across biomes to a common rain-use efficiency]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Nature]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>429</volume>
<page-range>651-4</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Huxman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wilcox]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Breshears]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Scott]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Snyder]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Small]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hultine]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pockman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jackson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Ecohydrological implications of woody plant encroachment]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Ecology]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>86</volume>
<page-range>308-19</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stocker]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TF]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Qin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Plattner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G-K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tignor]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Allen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SK]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Boschung]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nauels]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Xia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bex]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Midgley]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<collab>IPCC</collab>
<source><![CDATA[The physical science basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<page-range>1535</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jain]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lall]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[U]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Floods in a changing climate: Does the past represent the future?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Water Resources Research]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<volume>37</volume>
<page-range>3193-205</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jung]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Reichstein]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ciais]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Seneviratne]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SI]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sheffield]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Goulden]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ML]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Recent decline in the global land evapotranspiration trend due to limited moisture supply]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Nature]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>467</volume>
<page-range>951-4</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Karl]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jones]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Knight]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RW]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kukla]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Plummer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Razuvayev]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gallo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KP]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lindseay]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Charlson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Peterson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TC]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Asymmetric trends of daily maximum and minimum temperature]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society]]></source>
<year>1993</year>
<volume>74</volume>
<page-range>1007-24</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[King&#8217;uyu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ogallo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Anyamba]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Recent trends of minimum and maximum surface temperatures over Eastern Africa]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Climate]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<volume>13</volume>
<page-range>2876-86</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kizza]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodhe]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Xu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C-Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ntale]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HK]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Halldin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Temporal rainfall variability in the Lake Victoria Basin in East Africa during the twentieth century]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Theoretical and Applied Climatolology]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>98</volume>
<page-range>119-35</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kruger]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shongwe]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Temperature trends in South Africa: 1960-2003]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International Journal of Climatology]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>24</volume>
<page-range>1929-45</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Loik]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ME]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Breshears]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lauenroth]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[WK]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Belnap]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A multi-scale perspective of water pulses in dryland ecosystems: Climatology and ecohydrology of the western USA]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Oecologia]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>141</volume>
<page-range>269-81</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ly]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Traore]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SB]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alhassane]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sarr]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Evolution of some observed climate extremes in the West African Sahel]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Weather and Climate Extremes]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>1</volume>
<page-range>19-25</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[MacDonald]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Calow]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[MacDonald]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DMJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Darling]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[WG]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dochartaigh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[What impact will climate change have on rural groundwater supplies in Africa?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Hydrological Sciences Journal]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>54</volume>
<page-range>690-703</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[MacKellar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[New]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jack]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Observed and modelled trends in rainfall and temperature for South Africa: 1960-2010]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[South African Journal of Science]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>110</volume>
<page-range>1</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B41">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Maidment]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RI]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Allan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RP]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Black]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Recent observed and simulated changes in precipitation over Africa]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Geophysical Research Letters]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>42</volume>
<page-range>8155-64</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B42">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martens]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Miralles]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DG]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lievens]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[van der Schalie]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[de Jeu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RAM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fernández-Prieto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Beck]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dorigo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[WA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Verhoest]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[NEC]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[GLEAM v3: Satellite- based land evaporation and root-zone soil moisture]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Geoscientific Model Development]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>10</volume>
<page-range>1903-25</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B43">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martens]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Waegeman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dorigo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[WA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Verhoest]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[NEC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Miralles]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DG]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Terrestrial evaporation response to modes of climate variability]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[npj Climate and Atmospheric Science]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>1</volume>
<page-range>43</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B44">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McLeod]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[NH]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Dust in the Sahel: Cause of drought?]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Glantz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The politics of natural disaster]]></source>
<year>1976</year>
<page-range>3-13</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[New York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Praeger Publishers]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B45">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McVicar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Roderick]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ML]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Donohue]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Li]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LT]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Van Niel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TG]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Thomas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Grieser]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jhajharia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Himri]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mahowald]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[NM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mescherskaya]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AV]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kruger]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rehman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dinpashoh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Global review and synthesis of trends in observed terrestrial near-surface wind speeds: Implications for evaporation]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Hydrology]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>416-417</volume>
<page-range>182-205</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B46">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mekasha]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tesfaye]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Duncan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AJ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Trends in daily observed temperature and precipitation extremes over three Ethiopian eco-environments]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International Journal of Climatology]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>34</volume>
<page-range>1990-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B47">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Milly]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PCD]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Climate, soil water storage and the average annual water budget]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Water Resources Research]]></source>
<year>1994</year>
<volume>30</volume>
<page-range>2143-56</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B48">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Miralles]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DG]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Holmes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TRH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[de Jeu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RAM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gash]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Meesters]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AGCA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dolman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AJ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Global land-surface evaporation estimated from satellite-based observations]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Hydrology and Earth System Sciences]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>15</volume>
<page-range>453-69</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B49">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morishima]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Akasaka]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Seasonal trends of rainfall and surface temperature over Southern Africa]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[African Study Monographs]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>40</volume>
<page-range>67-76</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B50">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moron]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Oueslati]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pohl]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rome]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Janicot]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Trends of mean temperatures and warm extremes in northern tropical Africa (1961-2014) from observed and PPCA-reconstructed time series]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>121</volume>
<page-range>5298-319</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B51">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mubialiwo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Onyutha]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Abebe]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Historical rainfall and evapotranspiration changes over Mpologoma catchment in Uganda]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Advances in Meteorology]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>2020</volume>
<numero>8870935</numero>
<issue>8870935</issue>
<page-range>1-19</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B52">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Muhlenbrunch-Tegen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Long-term surface temperature variations in South Africa]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[South African Journal of Science]]></source>
<year>1992</year>
<volume>88</volume>
<page-range>197-205</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B53">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nashwan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shahid]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Spatial distribution of unidirectional trends in climate and weather extremes in Nile river basin]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Theoretical and Applied Climatology]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>137</volume>
<page-range>1181-99</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B54">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nashwan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shahid]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Abd Rahim]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Unidirectional trends in annual and seasonal climate and extremes in Egypt]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Theoretical and Applied Climatology]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>136</volume>
<page-range>457-73</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B55">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Neumann]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jung]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Laux]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kunstmann]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Climate trends of temperature, precipitation and river discharge in the Volta Basin of West Africa]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International Journal of River Basin Management]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>5</volume>
<page-range>17-30</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B56">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Niang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ruppel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[OC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Abdrabo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Essel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lennard]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Padgham]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Urquhart]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Africa]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barros]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[VR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Field]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CB]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dokken]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mastrandrea]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mach]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bilir]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chatterjee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ebi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Estrada]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[YO]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Genova]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Girma]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kissel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ES]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Levy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AN]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[MacCracken]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mastrandrea]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[White]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LL]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part B: Regional Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<page-range>1199-265</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B57">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nicholson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SE]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The nature of rainfall variability over Africa on time scales of decades to millennia]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Global Planetary Change]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<volume>26</volume>
<page-range>137-58</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B58">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nicholson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Selato]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JC]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The influence of La Niñna on African rainfall]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International Journal of Climatology]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<volume>20</volume>
<page-range>1761-76</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B59">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nyeko-Ogiramoi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Willems]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ngirane-Katashaya]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Trend and variability in observed hydrometeorological extremes in the Lake Victoria basin]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Hydrology]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>489</volume>
<page-range>56-73</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B60">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Oloruntade]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mohammad]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ghazali]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wayayok]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Spatial and temporal trends in mean, maximum and minimum temperature in the Niger-South basin, Nigeria]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Malaysian Journal of Civil Engineering]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>28</volume>
<page-range>365-81</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B61">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Onyutha]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tabari]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Taye]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MT]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nyandwaro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GN]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Willems]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Analyses of rainfall trends in the Nile River basin]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Hydro-environment Research]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>13</volume>
<page-range>36-51</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B62">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Onyutha]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Statistical uncertainty in hydrometeorological trend analyses]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Advances in Meteorogy]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>2016</volume>
<numero>8701617</numero>
<issue>8701617</issue>
<page-range>1-26</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B63">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Onyutha]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Identification of subtrends from hydro-meteorological series]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Stochastic Environmental Research Risk Assessment]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>30</volume>
<page-range>189-205</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B64">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Onyutha]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Statistical analyses of potential evapotranspiration changes over the period 1930-2012 in the Nile River riparian countries]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Agricultural and Forest Meteorology]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>226-227</volume>
<page-range>80-95</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B65">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Onyutha]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Trends and variability in African long-term precipitation]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>32</volume>
<page-range>2721-39</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B66">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Onyutha]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[African crop production trends are insufficient to guarantee food security in the sub-Saharan region by 2050 owing to persistent poverty]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Food Security]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>10</volume>
<page-range>1203-19</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B67">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Onyutha]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[African food insecurity in a changing climate: The roles of science and policy]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Food Energy Security]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>8</volume>
<numero>e00160</numero>
<issue>e00160</issue>
<page-range>1-18</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B68">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Onyutha]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Analyses of rainfall extremes in East Africa based on observations from rain gauges and climate change simulations by CORDEX RCMs]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Climate Dynamics]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>54</volume>
<page-range>4841-64</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B69">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ozer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mahamoud]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Recent extreme precipitation and temperature changes in Djibouti city (1966-2011)]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Climatology]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>2013</volume>
<numero>e928501</numero>
<issue>e928501</issue>
<page-range>1-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B70">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PK]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Estimates of the regression coefficient based on Kendall&#8217;s tau]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of the American Statistical Association]]></source>
<year>1968</year>
<volume>63</volume>
<page-range>1379-89</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B71">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Serdeczny]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Adams]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Baarsch]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Coumou]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Robinson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hare]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schaeffer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Perrette]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Reinhardt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Climate change impacts in sub-Saharan Africa: From physical changes to their social repercussions]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Regional Environment Change]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>17</volume>
<page-range>1585-600</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B72">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Smith]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Monson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RK]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Anderson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JE]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Physiological Ecology of North American Desert Plants]]></source>
<year>1997</year>
<page-range>286</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Berlin ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Springer-Verlag]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B73">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tacoli]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Crisis or adaptation? Migration and climate change in a context of high mobility]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Environment and Urbanization]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>21</volume>
<page-range>513-25</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B74">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Theil]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A rank-invariant method of linear and polynomial regression analysis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, Series A]]></source>
<year>1950</year>
<volume>53</volume>
<page-range>386-92</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B75">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Trenberth]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fasullo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JT]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[O&#8217;Dell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wong]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Relationships between tropical sea surface temperatures and top-of-atmosphere radiation]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Geophysical Research Letters]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>37</volume>
<page-range>1-5</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B76">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tucker]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dregne]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Newcomb]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[WW]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Expansion and contraction of the Sahara Desert from 1980 to 1990]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Science]]></source>
<year>1991</year>
<volume>253</volume>
<page-range>299-301</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B77">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tucker]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nicholson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SE]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Variations in the size of the Sahara Desert from 1980 to 1997]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Ambio]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<volume>28</volume>
<page-range>587-91</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B78">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Usodomenech]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Villacampaesteve]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stubingmartinez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Karjalainen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ramo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MP]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[MARIOLA: A model for calculating the response of Mediterranean bush ecosystem to climatic variations]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Ecologocial Modelling]]></source>
<year>1995</year>
<volume>80</volume>
<page-range>113-29</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B79">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Warner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Global environmental change and migration: governance challenges]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Global Environmental Change]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>20</volume>
<page-range>402-13</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B80">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wilske]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kwon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wei]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Xie]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pendall]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ewers]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Evapotranspiration (ET) and regulating mechanisms in two semiarid Artemisia-dominated shrub steppes at opposite sides of the globe]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Arid Environments]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>74</volume>
<page-range>1461-70</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B81">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Young]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Caldwell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TG]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Meadows]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DG]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fenstermaker]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LF]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Variability of soil physical and hydraulic properties at the Mojave Global Change Facility, Nevada: Implications for water budget and evapotranspiration]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Arid Environments]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>73</volume>
<page-range>733-44</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B82">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zhou]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Desert amplification in a warming climate]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Scientific Reports]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>6</volume>
<numero>31065</numero>
<issue>31065</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
