<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0187-6236</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Atmósfera]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Atmósfera]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0187-6236</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y Cambio Climático]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0187-62362019000100071</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.20937/atm.2019.32.01.06</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[State of air quality in twin cities of Pakistan: Islamabad and Rawalpindi]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shahid]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Imran]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chishtie]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Farrukh]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bulbul]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gufran]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shahid]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Muhammad Zeeshaan]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shafique]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Shoaib]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lodhi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Arifa]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Institute of Space Technology  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Islamabad ]]></addr-line>
<country>Pakistan</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Asian Disaster Preparedness Centre  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Bangkok ]]></addr-line>
<country>Thailand</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Theoretical Research institute Pakistan Academy of Sciences  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Islamabad ]]></addr-line>
<country>Pakistan</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Pakistan</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>32</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>71</fpage>
<lpage>84</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0187-62362019000100071&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0187-62362019000100071&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0187-62362019000100071&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[ABSTRACT Atmospheric pollution has emerged as a disaster in developing countries like Pakistan. The aim of this study was to observe and analyze the air quality status of the twin cities of Pakistan, Rawalpindi and Islamabad, with a combined population of 15 million. The concentration of criteria pollutants along with CO2 was measured at five different locations within these cities. Sampling was done for 24 h at each location using a mobile air quality monitoring lab. The overall concentrations of SO2, NOx and O3 were found to be within the permissible limits of the US-EPA standards and the National Environmental Quality Standards of Pakistan, with higher PM10 and CO2 concentrations at most locations. The highest concentrations of PM10 were observed at Saddar, Rawalpindi (184 µg m-3), while minimum values were observed at the Blue Area of Islamabad (121 µg m-3). The concentration of CO2 during the study period was found to be high in almost all locations, with Saddar, Rawalpindi, indicating the highest value (409 ppm). The concentrations of CO2 at the Blue Area and the National University of Science and Technology of Islamabad were observed to be as high as 385.3 and 246 ppm, respectively. The behavior of pollutants with different meteorological parameters was also studied. For source identification, backward air trajectories were also generated using the HYSPLIT model.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[RESUMEN La contaminación atmosférica se ha perfilado como un desastre en países en desarrollo como Pakistán. El objetivo el presente estudio fue observar y analizar el estado de la calidad del aire en las ciudades paquistaníes gemelas de Rawalpindi e Islamabad, cuya población combinada es de 15 millones de habitantes. Se midieron las concentraciones de los principales contaminantes junto con las de CO2 en cinco sitios dentro de esas ciudades. El muestreo se realizó durante 24 h en cada sitio, utilizando un laboratorio móvil para medir la calidad del aire. Se encontraron concentraciones totales de SO2, NOx y O3 dentro de los límites permitidos de acuerdo con los estándares de la Agencia de Protección Ambiental de EUA y los Estándares Nacionales de Calidad Ambiental de Pakistán. Las concentraciones más altas de PM10 se observaron en Saddar, Rawalpindi (184 µg m-3), en tanto que los valores mínimos se obtuvieron en la Zona Azul de Islamabad (121 µg m-3). Durante el periodo de estudio, las concentraciones de CO2 permanecieron altas en casi todos los sitios, con un valor máximo de 409 ppm. En la Zona Azul y la Universidad Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología de Islamabad se observaron concentraciones de CO2 de hasta 385.3 y 246 ppm, respectivamente. También se estudió el comportamiento de los contaminantes con diferentes parámetros meteorológicos. Para identificar las fuentes se utilizaron trayectorias inversas generadas con el modelo HYSPLIT.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[PM10]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[ozone]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[twin cities]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[air quality]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[urban air pollution]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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