<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0187-6236</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Atmósfera]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Atmósfera]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0187-6236</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y Cambio Climático]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0187-62362017000400287</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.20937/atm.2017.30.04.02</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Performance of cumulus parameterization schemes in the simulation of Indian Summer Monsoon using RegCM4]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Maity]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mandal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nayak]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bhatla]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Indian Institute of Technology Centre for Oceans, Rivers, Atmosphere and Land Sciences (CORAL) ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Kharagpur Kharagpur]]></addr-line>
<country>India</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience Department of Integrated Research on Disaster Risk Reduction, Division Tennodai ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Tsukuba-shi Ibaraki ]]></addr-line>
<country>Japan</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Banaras Hindu University Department of Geophysics ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Uttar Pradesh ]]></addr-line>
<country>India</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2017</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2017</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>30</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<fpage>287</fpage>
<lpage>309</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0187-62362017000400287&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0187-62362017000400287&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0187-62362017000400287&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[ABSTRACT The Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM) is driven by organized large-scale convection; hence, its simulation is expected to depend on an appropriate representation of cumulus convection in the model. In the present study, the performance of different cumulus parameterization schemes is examined towards simulations of the ISM. The Regional Climate Model (RegCM4) is coupled with the Community Land Model (CLM 3.5) at 30 km resolution for the period May 1-September 30 for seasonal simulation of the ISM in three consecutive years, 2007, 2008, and 2009. Five numerical experiments with five convection schemes (Kuo, Grell, MIT, GO_ML [Grell over ocean and MIT over land], GL_MO [Grell over land and MIT over ocean]) are conducted for each of these three years. Some important features of the ISM simulated by the model, viz. low level westerly jet, upper level easterly jet, heat low, Tibetan high, etc., are analyzed and compared with that of the National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) reanalysis. We found that the heat low over northwest India and Pakistan in all the three years is better simulated by the model with the MIT convection scheme compared to other convection schemes, whereas spatial distribution and accuracy of surface temperature is better simulated using GL_MO rather than MIT. The low level westerly jet is well captured by the model with MIT with slightly weaker strength compared to the National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) reanalysis. The location and strength of the tropical easterly jet is well predicted in each simulation with some uncertainty in strength, and are better simulated with MIT. The comparison of the model simulated rainfall with 0.5º × 0.5º datasets from the Climate Research Unit (CRU TS3.22) indicates that seasonal and monthly average rainfall are well simulated with MIT and GO_ML; however, the same over central and western India is significantly underestimated by the model with all the convection schemes. Comparatively, higher sensible heat flux and lower latent heat flux are noticed in the model simulation with all schemes. This change of fluxes affects surface temperature and rainfall simulation significantly. The statistical analysis indicates that surface temperature and rainfall are well reproduced by the model with GL_MO and GO_ML, but circulation is better simulated with MIT only. It is observed that although the bias in the model with MIT is slightly higher than that of the two mixed schemes, the spatial distribution and other synoptic features of surface temperature and rainfall during ISM are well simulated. Thus, considering overall performances, the RegCM4 with MIT the cumulus convection scheme provides better simulation of seasonal and monthly features of the monsoon.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[RESUMEN El monzón de verano de la India (MVI) se origina a partir de una convección de gran escala, por lo que su simulación debe basarse en la representación adecuada de la convección de cumulus en el modelo. En este estudio se analiza el desempeño de diversos esquemas de parametrización en simulaciones del MVI. El modelo climático regional RegCM4 se acopla con el modelo de suelo CLM 3.5 con una resolución de 30 km para simular el MVI en el periodo comprendido entre el 1 de mayo y el 30 de septiembre en tres años consecutivos: 2007, 2008 y 2009. Se llevaron a cabo cinco experimentos numéricos con cinco esquemas de convección (Kuo, Grell, MIT, GO_ML [MIT sobre tierra y Grell sobre el océano] y GL_MO [Grell sobre tierra y MIT sobre el océano]) para cada uno de los años mencionados. Algunas características importantes del MVI simulado con el modelo, a saber la corriente en chorro del oeste de niveles bajos, la corriente en chorro del este de niveles altos, los sistemas de baja presión superficial y los de alta presión sobre la meseta tibetana, etc., se analizan y comparan con datos de reanálisis del National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP). Se encontró que el modelo con el esquema de convección MIT simula mejor los sistemas de baja presión superficial asociados con alta temperatura en el noroeste de la India y Paquistán durante los tres años, en tanto que el esquema GL_MO simula mejor la distribución espacial y exactitud de la temperatura. El modelo con el esquema de convección MIT reproduce adecuadamente la corriente en chorro del oeste de niveles bajos con fuerza algo menor que el reanálisis del NCEP. Todos los esquemas simularon aceptablemente la ubicación y fuerza de la corriente en chorro tropical del este, con cierta incertidumbre en cuanto a la fuerza, y mayor exactitud con el esquema MIT. La comparación entre la precipitación simulada y las bases de datos de la Unidad de Investigación del Clima con resolución de 0.5º (CRU TS3.22) indica que la precipitación media estacional y mensual se simula mejor con los esquemas de convección MIT y GO_ML. Sin embargo, todos los esquemas de convección del modelo subestiman de manera significativa estas mismas variables sobre el centro y el oeste de la India. Un flujo mayor de calor sensible y un flujo menor de calor latente afectan de manera significativa la simulación de temperatura superficial y precipitación con todos los esquemas. El análisis estadístico indica que los esquemas GL_MO y GO_ML del modelo reproducen de manera adecuada la temperatura superficial y la cantidad de precipitación, pero el esquema MIT simula mejor la circulación. Aunque este último implica una desviación ligeramente mayor a la de los dos esquemas combinados, se observó que la distribución espacial y otras características sinópticas de la temperatura superficial y la precipitación durante el MVI fueron bien simuladas por el esquema MIT. En conclusión, tomando en cuenta el desempeño de todos los esquemas, el modelo RegCM4 con el esquema MIT de convección de cumulus ofrece una mejor simulación de las características estacionales y mensuales del MVI.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Indian summer monsoon]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[seasonal simulation]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[cumulus convection]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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