<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0187-5779</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Terra Latinoamericana]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Terra Latinoam]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0187-5779</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sociedad Mexicana de la Ciencia del Suelo A.C.]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0187-57792025000100160</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.28940/terra.v43i.2165</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Aplicación de un Diseño de Mezclas para Evaluar Altas Concentraciones de Ni2+, Fe2+, Zn2+ y Mn2+ en Soluciones Nutritivas en la Composición Mineral y el Rendimiento de Tomate]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Application of a mixture Design to Evaluate High Concentrations of Ni2+, Fe2+, Zn2+ and Mn2+ in Nutrient Solutions on the Mineral Composition and the Tomato Yield]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Parra-Terraza]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Saúl]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[López-Rodas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Carlos Fabián]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Angulo-Castro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Azareel]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cruz-Ortega]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jacobo Enrique]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Preciado-Rangel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Pablo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa Facultad de Agronomía ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ Sinaloa]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Tecnológico Nacional de México Instituto Tecnológico de Torreón ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ Coahuila]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>43</volume>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0187-57792025000100160&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0187-57792025000100160&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0187-57792025000100160&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen: La producción intensiva de hortalizas de fruto, utiliza altas cantidades de fertilizantes y pesticidas, que contienen en su composición química, elementos como níquel (Ni), hierro (Fe), zinc (Zn) y manganeso (Mn). Estos elementos son absorbidos por las plantas y se acumulan en los frutos, y aumentan el riesgo a la salud de los consumidores. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue aplicar un diseño de mezclas, para evaluar soluciones nutritivas con altas concentraciones de Ni2+, Mn2+, Fe2+ y Zn2, en la composición mineral, y el rendimiento de tomate (Solanum lycopersicum cv. SV8579TE). El diseño experimental utilizado fue centroide simplex [4,3] con 15 soluciones nutritivas, y seis repeticiones por tratamiento, para un total de 90 unidades experimentales. Las soluciones nutritivas fueron generadas con la metodología del diseño de mezclas, y el programa Design Expert (versión 11). Las 15 mezclas de Ni2+, Mn2+, Fe2+ y Zn2+, provocaron en las plantas, detención de crecimiento del meristemo apical del tallo principal y alteraciones en la morfología de la planta. Las concentraciones de Ni, Fe, Zn y Mn en los frutos fueron significativamente (p &#8804; 0.05) afectadas por las mezclas. Los mayores valores de Ni, Zn y Mn se obtuvieron en las mezclas puras, donde el elemento de interés está en mayor concentración (12 mg L-1). Los modelos de regresión, que describen estos resultados en la superficie de respuesta, son lineales múltiples, donde aumentos en las proporciones de Ni2+, Mn2+ y Zn2+ en las mezclas, incrementaron las concentraciones de estos elementos en los frutos. Las concentraciones promedio de Ni, Fe, Zn y Mn en los frutos no excedieron los límites establecidos por organismos internacionales. Por ello, su consumo, no representa peligro a la salud humana. La producción promedio (59.3 Mg ha-1) fue 37.8% menor al rendimiento medio (95.3 Mg ha-1) obtenido en Sinaloa.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Summary: The intensive production of fruit vegetables uses high amounts of fertilizers and pesticides, which contain in their chemical composition elements such as nickel (Ni), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), and manganese (Mn). These elements are absorbed by plants and accumulate in the fruits, increasing the health risk to consumers. The objective of this study was to apply a mixture design to evaluate nutrient solutions with high concentrations of Ni²+, Mn²+, Fe²+, and Zn²+ on the mineral composition and yield of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum cv. SV8579TE). The hydroponic system was closed and used peat (Sphagnum parda) as the substrate. The experimental design employed was a centroid simplex [4,3] with 15 nutrient solutions and six replicates per treatment, for a total of 90 experimental units. The nutrient solutions were generated using the mixture design methodology with the Design Expert software (version 11). The 15 mixtures of Ni²+, Mn²+, Fe²+, and Zn²+ caused growth arrest of the apical meristem of the main stem and morphological alterations in the plants. The concentrations of Ni, Fe, Zn, and Mn in the fruits were significantly (p &#8804; 0.05) affected by the mixtures. The highest values of Ni, Zn, and Mn were obtained in the pure mixtures, where the element of interest was at the highest concentration (12 mg L-1). The regression models describing these results on the response surface were multiple linear, where increases in the proportions of Ni²+, Mn²+, and Zn²+ in the mixtures increased the concentrations of these elements in the fruits. The average concentrations of Ni, Fe, Zn, and Mn in the fruits did not exceed the limits established by international organizations. Therefore, the consumption of these tomatoes does not represent a risk to human health. The average production (59.3 Mg ha-1) was 37.8% lower than the average yield (95.3 Mg ha-1) obtained in Sinaloa.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[hidroponía]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[micronutrimentos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[modelo regresión lineal]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[toxicidad]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[hydroponics]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[micronutrients]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[linear regression model]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[toxicity]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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