<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0187-5779</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Terra Latinoamericana]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Terra Latinoam]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0187-5779</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sociedad Mexicana de la Ciencia del Suelo A.C.]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0187-57792011000100083</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Hidroquímica de las aguas superficiales de la ciénega de Chapala e índice de calidad de agua]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Hydrochemistry of surface water in the cienega of Chapala and water quality index]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chávez-Alcántar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Velázquez-Machuca]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pimentel-Equihua]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Venegas-González]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Montañez-Soto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vázquez-Gálvez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,IPN CIIDIR ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Jiquilpan ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Colegio de Postgraduados  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Montecillo estado de México]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2011</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2011</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>29</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>83</fpage>
<lpage>94</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0187-57792011000100083&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0187-57792011000100083&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0187-57792011000100083&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen: El gran deterioro de la calidad del agua causada por la contaminación constituye un importante factor en la pérdida de fuentes de agua en Michoacán. La Ciénega de Chapala es una zona especialmente vulnerable a los procesos de contaminación hídrica, lo que hace necesario evaluar la calidad del agua para proponer soluciones al problema. El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar la composición química del agua superficial, el origen de los contaminantes y el grado de contaminación de las corrientes y cuerpos de agua en la zona. Para analizar la composición química y bacteriológica del agua, se seleccionaron 16 sitios y se muestreó en tres fechas en ríos, presas, canales y Lago de Chapala. Se usó análisis estadístico multivariado y se calculó un índice de calidad de agua (ICA) para cada sitio y fecha de muestreo. Los resultados mostraron que la concentración de los contaminantes en las aguas superficiales de la Ciénega de Chapala se incrementó aguas abajo. El mayor aumento fue para la conductividad eléctrica (CE), coliformes fecales (CF) y P total. El cambio en las relaciones iónicas Na/Ca y Cl/SO4 aguas abajo indicó una tendencia hacia la composición Na-SO4 de estas aguas. De acuerdo con los valores del ICA calculados, el 44 y 53% de los sitios bajo estudio presentaron buena y moderada calidad de agua, respectivamente. La mejor calidad de agua fue en la zona de ríos y presas con poca influencia de actividades antropogénicas, mientras que la más baja calidad correspondió al Lago de Chapala. Las variables químicas y bacteriológicas que se asociaron significativamente con el ICA fueron la CE, Pb, Cd, B, P y CF; la CE fue la que principalmente se correlacionó con el deterioro de la calidad del agua. En orden de importancia, los drenajes agrícolas y las aguas residuales son las principales fuentes de contaminantes en la zona.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract: The serious deterioration of water quality caused by pollution is an important factor in the loss of water sources in Michoacán. The &#8220;Cienega de Chapala&#8221; is an especially vulnerable zone in terms of processes of water pollution. The objective of this study was to evaluate the chemical composition of surface water, the causes of pollution, and the degree of contamination that exist in rivers and water bodies of the area. In order to analyze the chemical and bacteriological composition of water, sixteen sampling sites at three different dates were established for testing on rivers, dams, channels network and Lake Chapala. Multivariate statistical analysis was used, and a water quality index (WQI) was calculated for each site and sampling date. The results revealed that the concentration of contaminants of the surface water increased downstream as the sampling sites of rivers, water bodies and channels network neared Lake Chapala; the highest values found were for electrical conductivity (EC), fecal coliforms (FC), and total P. The change in Na/Ca and Cl/SO4 ionic relationships indicates an increasing trend in Na-SO4 composition. According to the WQI calculated values of sites studied, 44 and 53% presented good or moderately good water quality, respectively. The best water quality was in the rivers and dams where the influence of anthropogenic activities is less, while the lowest quality was found in water of Lake Chapala. The chemical and bacteriological parameters that were significantly associated with the WQI were EC, Pb, Cd, B, P and FC; EC was identified as the principal parameter correlated with the deterioration of water quality. In order of importance, agricultural drainage and residual waters are the main sources of pollution in the zone.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[río Tarecuato]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[río Jiquilpan]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[contaminación del agua]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[aguas residuales]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[análisis multivariado]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Tarecuato river]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Jiquilpan river]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[water pollution]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[wastewater]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[multivariate analysis]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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